Report of the Board of Trustees of the Northern Michigan Asylum at Traverse City June 30, 1910.

Report of the Board of Trustees of the Northern Michigan Asylum at Traverse City June 30, 1910.

Asylums--Michigan--Traverse City--History.

Psychiatric hospitals.

Report of the Board of Trustees of the Northern Michigan Asylum for the biennial period ending June 30, 1910. This report includes the reports of the medical superintendent, treasurer and steward.

Board of Trustees of the Northern Michigan Asylum at Traverse City.

Original document held by Traverse Area District Library.

Lansing: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co., State Printers.

30 June 1910.

State of Michigan.

This document is in the public domain.

See other reports from the Board of Trustees in the "Traverse City State Hospital" Digital Collection.

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English.

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Traverse City, Grand Traverse County, Michigan.

REPORT

B O A R D OF TRUSTEES

ii

i
TRAVERSE CITY
J U N E 30, 1910

BY AUTHORITY.

LANSING, MICHIGAN
WYNKOOP HALLENBBCK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS
1910

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM, 1910.

TITLE AND ADDRESSES.
THE NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE,
TRAVERSE CITY,
Grand Traverse County, Michigan.
ESTABLISHMENT.
The Northern Michigan Asylum for the Insane was organized in 1881, and
located at Traverse City, Mich. Its first cost was $522,430.68, and its present
value is $1,046,862.46. The property consists of 42 buildings, occupying a tract of
land containing 728 acres. It cares for 1,384 patients.

OFFICERS OF THE NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

TBtTSTEES.

THOS. T. BATES
H. C. DAVIS
W. W. MITCHELL
M. F. QUAINTANCE
W. LLOYD
E. S. WAGER

TRAVERSE CITY
TRAVERSE CITY
CADILLAC
PETOSKEY
MANISTEE
EDMOHE

RESIDENT OFFICERS.

JAMES D. MUNSON, M. D
A. S. ROWLEY, M. D
W. D. MUELLER, M. D
]
R. E. WELLS, M. D
V
ADAH EPPERSON, M. D....J

MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT
ASST. MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT
ASST. PHYSICIANS

NON-RESIDENT OFFICERS.

C. L. WHITNEY
W. P. MANTON, M. D

STEWARD
DETROIT, MICH., GYNECOLOGIST

CHAPLAIN.
REV. D. COCHLIN

.. TRAVERSE CITY

TREASURER.

SAMUEL GARLAND

TRAVERSE CITY

OFFICERS OF THE NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM FROM ITS
ORGANIZATION IN 1881.
BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS APPOINTED TO SELECT SITE FOR THE NORTHERN
MICHIGAN ASYLUM.
Date of
appointment.
1881
1881
1881

Name.

. Retired.

Residence.

E. H. Van Deusen. . . Kalamazoo. .
M H Butler
....

Work of board completed Sept. 30, 1882.

BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS APPOINTED TO ERECT THE NORTHERN
ASYLUM.
Name.

Date of
appointment.
1881
1881
1881
1881
1885

Residence .

E. H. Van Deusen. . . Kalamazoo.
M H Butler
H. H. Riley
St. Joseph.
Thos T Bates

MICHIGAN

Retired.

1885

The work of the building commission was finished Nov. 10, 1886.

MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.
Date of
appointment.
1885
1885
1885
1885
1885
1885
1887
1887
1889
1891

1891
1889
1895
1897
1897
1889
1901
1901
1902
1901
1903
1905
1907
1909

. .

C. M.
J W
Thos
H H

Name.

Residence .

Term
expires.

President
from to

Wells
French
T Bates
Noble

Traverse City . - •
Detroit

1887

1885 to 1886.

Elk Rapids

1897

C. L. Whitney
H. C. Davis
G. A. Hart
W. W. Cummer
C F Backus
....
H. D. Campbell
W. W Mitchell
H D Brigham
D. B. Butler
G A Hart
A. F. Temple
E S Wager

Muskegon . . . . . .
Traverse City . . .
Manistee
Cadillac
Detroit
..
Traverse City . . .
Frankfort
Muskegon

1889
1913
1891
1893
1889
1891
1895
1908
1897
1901
1901
1905
1901
1911
1901
1903
1907
1908
1911
1913
1915

Remarks.

1886 to 1892
1907 to 1910.
1892 to 1897
1897 to 1899
1899 to 1902.. Present member.

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NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM, 1885,

STATE OP MICHIGAN.

MEDICAL OFFICERS.
Medical Superintendent:
James D. Munson, M. D., 1885.
Assistant Medical Superintendents:
J, H. Dawson, M. D.—1885 to 1890. Resigned.
C. G. Chaddock, M. D.—1890 to 1892. Resigned.
A. S. Rowley, M. D.—1895
.
Assistant Physicians:
C. G. Chaddock M. D.—1885 to 1890. Promoted to Assistant Superintendency.
W. A. Stone, M. D.—1886 to 1891. Resigned to accept the Assistant Superintendency of the Michigan Asylum for the Insane.
Henry Hulst, M. D.—1888 to 1889.
I. L. Harlow, M. D.—1889 to 1891.
G. C. Crandall, M. D.—1890 to 1894.
A. S. Rowley, M. D.—1891 to 1895. Promoted to Assistant Superintendency.
M. Rockwell, M. D.—1891 to 1892.
C. G. Speer, M. D.—1892 to 1896.
Robert Howell, M. D.—1893 to 1898.
H. J. Kennedy, M. D.—1894 to 1895.
L. C. Stillings, M. D.—1894 to 1895.
E. L. Niskern, M. D.—1895 to 1898.
G. L. Noyes, M. D.—1895 to 1900.
G. B. Furness, M. D.—1896 to 1897.
F. P. Lawton, M. D.—1898 to 1901.
C. A. Good, M. D.—1898 to 1900.
Fonda Nadeau, M. D.—1898 to 1899.
J. F. Canavan, M. D.—1889 to 1907. Died.
D. L. Harris, M. D.—1899 to 1899.
W. D. Mueller, M. D.—1900.
Minta P. Kemp, M. D.—1900 to 1903.
W. J. Kirkbride, M. D.—1901 to 1902.
F. H. Newberry, M. D.—1902 to 1904.
Beatrice A. Stevenson, M. D.—1903 to 1909.
B. F. Sargeant, M. D.—1904 to 1905.
H. D. Purdum, M. D.—1906 to 1910.
R. E. Wells, M. D.—1907
.
Guy M. Johnson, M. D.—1908 to 1910.
Adah Epperson, M. D.—1910
.
Stewards:
J. D. Billings, 1885 to 1886.
John Goode, 1886 to 1887.
J. P. C. Church, 1887 to 1894.
C. L. Whitney, 1894
.
Chaplains:
Rev. W. G. Puddefoot, 1886 to 1888.
Rev. D. VanAlstin, 1888 to 1890.
Rev. D. Cochlin, 1890——.

REPORT OF THE BOARD OP TRUSTEES.

The trustees of the Northern Michigan Asylum have the honor to
submit their report for the biennial period ending June 30, 1910,—
together with the reports of the medical superintendent, treasurer and
steward.
With this period the hospital has completed twenty-five years of its
history. A quarter of a century is possibly a brief span in its evolution,
but yet it would be quite impossible to describe its physical growth to
say nothing of the improved methods of care and treatment of its patients. It would be difficult to fully compare the conditions surrounding the insane twenty-five years ago with those of today. Previous to
that time the insane were mostly cared for in county-houses, some—the
more violent—were locked in jails, some were kept at home in various
sorts of receptacles, and asylum care was minimized to save expense.
Restraints, both chemical and mechanical, were largely used; trained
nursing was unknown, and very little if any care was given patients at
night. During these early years every effort was bent to improve the
housing, feeding and nursing of this class of sick people. Gradually
county care gave way to asylum care and finally state ,care for the insane was established since which time wonderful changes for the better
have taken place in all these things;. County house care has been
abolished, none are cared for more than temporarily in jail, restraints
are rarely used, and scientific medical treatment, based upon accurate
medical and laboratory examinations have replaced purely empiric
methods. During the last twenty-five years many wonderful transitions
have occurred in almost every department of human effort. Our knowledge of diseased mental states and their treatment, of mental hygiene,
and of applied or practical psychology, have almost wholly developed
within that time. The psychic laboratory; the psycho-analysis of Freude
and Jung; the clinical methods of Kraepelin and his pupils—unused and
unknown till a few years ago—are of immense value to the mental and
nervous sufferer. Psychology is making rapid progress and applied
psychology is used by the business man as well as by the teacher and
physician. It is of great value in the examination of school children,
of railway employes and in the examination and treatment of many
morbid nervous and mental states.
Surgery, especially brain surgery, has greatly advanced, and operations are now performed that would not have been attempted at the
beginning of this quarter of a century. Operations for the removal of
brain tumors; of the gasserian ganglion, of the pituitary gland; of
blood clots, and for the drainage of abscesses, etc., are frequently successfully performed.
We are hopeful that insanity and all forms of degeneracy will be
greatly lessened in the next generation. We are just beginning to recognize in this state the benefit of state care. The increase of cases has
been comparatively small during the last four years, and there has been

ASST. MED. SUPT'S RESIDENCE.

STEWARD'S RESIDENCE,

8

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

a noticeable decrease in the insane population of the hospital during the
last year. If senile patients were excluded from admission to the hospital, as was the practice 25 years ago, we believe there would be a
marked decrease in the average number of occurring cases per year in
the state.
The evolution of the hospital has been along many lines: development
of its grounds, clearing and additions to its farm, and enlargement of
the hospital by the construction of cottages and extensions to the main
building. There has been a broadening out in the care of the insane;
isolated provision is made for the treatment of tubercular patients,
training school for nurses has been established and maintained, and a
dietician employed to look after foods and their preparation, and skilled
men placed in charge of the gardens, green houses, orchards and other
farm departments.
The asylum domain originally consisted of 329 acres of ground. This
tract possesses an almost ideal combination of those features pertaining
to an ideal site: a dry, porous soil, consequently healthy, eastern front-age for the buildings, an elevation sightly yet sheltered, an ample supply
of pure, artesian water, and excellent facilities for drainage. Most of
this land was covered with heavy forests. The timbered ridges and valleys between them, back of the hospital and over looking the bay and
city, have been conserved for parks, and afford attractive places for the
outdoor exercises of patients, and at the same time are so secluded
a,s to be adapted to all classes of patients. Even one who has been
familiar with the institution for the last 25 years can scarcely appreciate the changes that have been made in its buildings, its grounds, etc.
The forests have been cleared, the grounds stumped, graded and drained,
and ornamental trees and shrubs, orchards and meadow fields have supplanted them. The grounds immediately in front of the institution are
really fine, and have many interesting and attractive features. They
have been carefully planted with trees and shrubs, and with charming
effect. Much attention was primarily given to the selection of the trees,
and an effort was made to plant all trees that would grow in this latitude. Among them may be found the salis burea, Kentucky coffee, mulberry, box alder, pecan, walnut, butternut, chestnut, hickory, the native
beeches, elms and maples, the purple leaf beech, elm, maple, and the
Norway maples in many varieties. These trees have attained some size
and lend much beauty and interest to the grounds. A lake was constructed in the center of the grounds in front of the institution, and
makes a pretty feature of the asylum, park. It is surrounded by rare
trees, shrubs and flowers, and is a favorite spot for women patients.
The high and wooded grounds back of the asylum are also very beautiful,
and with their hills, dales and valleys, rivulets, roadways and pathways, are almost ideal for the recreation of the nervous invalid.
The land available for farming and gardening contains between four
and five hundred acres, and is divided into orchards, gardens and general farming lands. Large quantities of hay and soiling crops, and roots
of all kinds are raised for the stock. The gardens, including the greenhouses, produce nearly all the vegetables used by the hospital. Strawberries and raspberries, grapes, apples, peaches, plums, pears and
cherries are raised in large quantities, more sometimes than can be consumed by the institution during their season, and from the, excess of
these fruits there was canned last vear for winter use over 15,000 quarts.

NORTHERN MICHIGAN

ASYLUM.

9

Melons, egg plant and sweet potatoes are largely grown, but have to be
started in the green houses.
There are now over one hundred head of pure bred Holstein Friesians
on the asylum farm, which produce all the milk used by the institution.
It is doubtful if the public has a true appreciation of the value of the
farm to the institution, not only in dollars and cents, but from the
sanitary standpoint of pure foods and pure milk which are produced on
the farm. As much as $32,000 worth of products have been raised on
the farm in one year. The farm affords excellent occupation for a large
number of men patients. It is not unusual to see several hundred men
at work about the farm and grounds. The hours of labor are short, from
one to three hours in the forenoon and about the same in the afternoon.
Work is not compulsory, and is not asked of patients as a rule on Saturdays or on legal holidays.
The following additions have been made to the asylum domain by the
legislature:
In
In
In
In
In
In
In
In
In

56% acres

1887
1892
1893
1896
1896
1900
1900
1901
1907

120
29
401
40
1%
40
60

at a cost of

L ....

.v

Total

$ 3,806
225
1-0,280
2,900
1,600
2,000
66
'3,200
6,000

17
00
00
Ofl
00
,00
66
'00
00

130,077 83

The greater portion of these lands were timbered, and the wood and
posts and lumber cut from them, almost covered the original purchase
price, besides furnishing the very best of work for men patients.
The institution received its first patients November 30, 1885. About
300 patients were transferred from Kalamazoo and Pontiac, and many
patients that had been confined in jails and county houses of the district
were soon after the opening of the hospital committed, so that within
a few months the hospital was crowded to its utmost extent. As established by the legislature, the asylum could only accommodate 450 patients. Additions have been made to the hospital by almost all of the
succeeding legislatures, as follows:
In
In
In
In
In
In
In
In
In
In
In
In
In
In
In

1887
1887
1889
1889
1891
1893
1893
1899
1899
1899'
1901
1901
1903
1903
1907

completion of attics for 50 patients
Cottage 28 for 50 patients
North and South Infirmaries for 60 patients
Cottage 32 for 30 patients
Cottage 25 for 50 patients
Cottages 24 and 26 for 100 patients
Cottage 29 for 75 patients
Cottage 34 for 50 patients
Cottage 21 for 50 patients
Cottage 31 for 30 patients
Cottage 30 for 50 patients
Cottage 23 for 50 patients
Cottage 36 for 60 patients
Cottage 27 for 60 patients
extention to north and south wings for 200 patients.

Total

$ 5,550
13,000
30,000
15,000
15,000
25,000
18,750
20,000
20,000
7,300
21,367
.21,367
24,000
24,000.
90,000
$350,284

10

STATE OP MICHIGAN.

These buildings as authorized by the legislature, were to care for
991 patients. They will actually care for 1,022 patients. This shows
that the per capita cost of the buildings as authorized was $362.25, but
basing the per capita cost on the number of patients cared for in these
additions June 30, 1910, (1,022 patients) the per capita cost was |342.75.
When it is stated that these buildings are all constructed of brick and
stone, with brick partitions, and fitted with steam heat and special
ventilation, electric lights, hot and cold water, and every necessary sanitary appliance, it is doubtful if more substantial, or buildings better
adapted to the care of the insane, can be found anywhere at the same
cost. The experience gained from the planning and building and the use
of these cottages, has demonstrated that separate heating plants and
separate dining rooms and kitchens for each building, is expensive, that
the storage of coal and a heating plant under the buildings or in connection with them, is not only unsanitary on account of dust which
finds its way throughout the buildings, but from the danger of fire which
is very greatly increased by such an arrangement, and that the cost of
heating and caring for the heating plants, and the general up-keep is
higher in these cottages than in the congregate building. For these
reasons the several separate heating plants were abandoned, and central
heating established, which has proved much more economical and satisfactory in every way, and greatly lessens the danger from fire.
What was found true of the increased cost of heating is also true for
the increased cost of preparing and distributing foods. Recommendations will be made to your honorable body to supplant this system with
a central dining room, at least for the male patients.
When the central heating system was installed, automatic stokers
were put in the boilers and a mechanical system of handling coal from
the bunkers to the stokers and for the disposal of ashes, was incorporated, doing away with, the laborious and expensive method previously in
use.
Someone has said that the planning for any institution or for its
equipment, cannot expect to forsee and include up to date appliances
for more than ten years. We have seen this demonstrated during the
last 25 years. The heating plant has been practically re-built twice,
the laundry twice, the barns partially re-built and greatly improved
several times, the bakery re-modeled, greatly enlarged, and new ovens
and machinery installed. Many parts of the hospital building either
became obsolete or ante-dated and had to be re-built, and replaced by
modern, simpler, and better plans. We have found this to be particularly true in all the mechanical departments of the institution. One
can scarcely express, and few can appreciate the great wear and tear
there is in connection with an institution of this magnitude.
In the care of patients the same progress may be noted. Psychiatric
knowledge has made great forward strides. Applied psychology is becoming more and more valuable. Our entire knowledge of the internal
secretions and their action in health and disease has developed within
the last few years, and the surgical treatment of thyroid diseases,in certain brain diseased conditions, and in the cure of the diseases of the internal organs, thoracic and abdominal, have wonderfully advanced.
It would seem that with the general interest in the education of the
young, with greatly improved public sanitation, with the better knowl-

LAWNS.

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

11

edge of personal hygiene, all future generations would be benefited, and
degeneracy and disease much less serious and less frequent.
The biennial period has been given very careful business oversight,
in order to keep within the limit of the rate fixed for the maintenance
of patients. All food supplies have been higher in price than for years,
and the wages paid to employees have increased more than ever before.
The net cost of maintenance for each patient during the last year was
50.64 cents per day. Although 50 cents was the rate charged a deficiency
appropriation will not be required, as the working capital of the institution was able to make up the loss. During the period just closed,
the matter of joint purchase of supplies for the several asylums has
been carefully worked out by the stewards of the institutions, and from
their investigations they find that it is practical to make joint orders
for about 80 or 85 per cent of all supplies required by the hospitals.
They further find that there are conditions peculiar to the locality of each
institution which necessarily govern the lowest purchase price of certain
commodities. Under this plan quite extensive orders have been given
for foods and other supplies during the last year or more, and at a
slight advantage in cost. It is now suggested to establish a board of
stewards, composed of the purchasing agents of all the institutions of
the state, at the sessions of which board samples of goods with prices
and everything pertaining to the furnishing of supplies shall be submitted, discussed, and orders determined for one or all of the institutions for certain articles. In this way it is hoped to gain for the smaller
institutions the same market price as are paid by the larger ones. It is
surprising, however, how very close the several institutions have been
buying to each other during these years, although entirely without consultation with each other.
During the period the Board has had twenty-four regular meetings,
and the usual inspection of the asylum was made by committees of trustees, once each month and sometimes oftener.
The training school for nurses continues under the general direction
of Miss Jennie E. Leece. The trained nurse is an important factor in
the care of the insane, and while, thus far, we have not been able to retain a great many of the graduate nurses in our service, it is gratifying
to state that they are much sought after by general hospitals, and by
general practitioners in our part of the state. Many of our graduates
hold very responsible positions in similar institutions and in general
hospitals, and inquiries are frequent for competent men and women
graduate nurses, to fill positions in other institutions. The influence for
good of our nurses, extending as it does over many communities, greatly
increases the confidence of the people in the hospital, and indirectly
enhances its usefulness. Many patients are successfully treated at home
by their family physician, under the personal care of a trained mental
nurse. The training school last year had 62 pupil nurses with 21 graduates, and this year the attendance will be as great, if not greater. Even
though many of these graduates leave our service soon after graduation,
yet we believe'that the effort put forth by the state in their training is
worth more than it costs, since wherever they go in the care of the mentally afflicted, they bring confidence and often restored health to their
patients. We are glad to say that abuses and brutalities are very infrequent. "Careful training and education of the young man or

12

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

woman in the nursing profession develops in him the consciousness of
competence and efficiency, and with this, increased ability a higher sense
of duty, a higher appreciation of his relations to the patient, and a constant seeking for means to soothe and to cheer, and develop all that is
best in the mind diseased. The trained nurse is a professional individual, and feels the same pride in his work and in well doing as does the
physician or any other trained professional man."
Great attention continues to be paid to the preparation of food under
the skillful direction of a dietician. Food is prepared to meet the conditions of each patient, and the patient is no longer compelled to adjust himself to the food that is sent to him, whether suited to his needs
or not.
During the last two years there has been some progress in almost
every department of the institution. The farm has been extended, fruits,
not consumed in the fresh state have been canned or preserved, the orchards have been enlarged and placed in charge of an orchardist, and the
dairy herd has been increased in numbers to meet the growing demands
of the hospital. From the medical standpoint the asylum has become a
hospital in the fullest meaning of that word. The medical treatment,
the nursing, and the general environments are all carefully supervised,
looking to the best good of the patient. This requires experienced physicians, skilled nurses, pleasing surroundings, the best of hygienic conditions, and pure foods skillfully prepared, that the hig-hest good to each
individual may follow. If the individual patient receives such care, then
it follows that all patients receive such care.
Medical offices have been established in connection with the hospital
wards, where the examination of patients and consultations with them
can be held. This plan has been of value. It assures the patient of the
personal interest and friendship of the physician in his recovery, and
enables the doctor to give special direction to the patient and to the
nurse, and not infrequently excites in the patient a general interest in
his own recovery and also in the welfare of his fellow patients. Psychiatric knowledge has developed very rapidly during the last few years,
and while much light has been thrown on many difficult mental problems,
still more difficult ones of solution seem to loom up as greater knowledge of nervous functions is gained. Great advances have been made in
our knowledge of the etiology and treatment of psyehoneuroses, in the
methods of psycho-analysis of Freude and Jung and Putman and Prince
and others. The subjects of heredity and especially of environment, are
more justly appreciated and studied than ever before, and brain surgery,
and the physiology and chemistry of the internal secretions, have wonderfully advanced in practical importance. The discovery of the serodiagnosis of lues, and the widening field of organotherapy, and the
vaccine treatment of certain diseases, are among the most remarkable
and valuable of recent medical achievements. Pathological anatomy
has also made rapid strides forward, and the causes of some diseases
ending in death can now be positively demonstrated microscopically
after death. In the field of prevention of mental disease and degeneracy,
the influence of the public schools in teaching the evil effects, direct and
remote, of the improper use, or abuse, of alcoholics, tobacco and other
drugs, and of bad or imperfect personal hygiene and sanitary surround-

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NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

13

ings, including want and privation, malnutrition and bodily diseases
which hinder normal soul development, has been of vast importance.
"At no time in the history of the world has more thought been given
to the problem of the child than now. The child is the central psychologic study. His are the problems of the most advanced educators, physicians, scientists and economists. More significant still is the growing
conception that the child is the ward of the state. He no longer belongs solely to the home. The Spartan idea has been revived, though
fortunately deprived of its harshness by broader conceptions of obligations; while the state and the medical profession now claim the substantial right to assist in regulating the child's life they violate no
sacred right of home, and this is as it should be." Rose Pendleton
Chiles.) August Forum 1910.
The first five years of a child's life are rich in emotions and vague
thoughts. These years have now been adequately chronicled, but there
are good grounds for thinking that traits of character are founded or
accentuated at that period, which tend strongly to remain through life."
(J. J. Putnam, M. D.) Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. July 21,1910.
These are all factors looking to the bettering of the oncoming generation, and unquestionably human suffering will be greatly lessened, and
mental diseases much less frequent. The psychopathic hospital, which
is in affiliation with the asylums of Michigan, and under the able direction of Dr. Barrett, has been of great scientific service to us. The pathologic research work which Dr. Barrett has done for us has been of great
value. Many diseased organs, including the brain, have been sent to the
psychopathic ward for pathologic research, and the reports of Dr. Barrett on these cases have in many instances confirmed the diagnosis made
during life, and sometimes have pointed out mistakes in diagnosis during life. It is such work that is of the very greatest scientific value.
It stimulates all men in our special field to closer observations and study,
and forces each and every one to put forth his very greatest effort in and
for his patient.
Among other things a uniform classification of mental diseases has
been suggested by Dr. Barrett and agreed upon by the superintendents
of the institutions, as also a uniform system of making up the clinical
biennial reports to the governor and the legislature. This has been
done in order to secure uniformity for purposes of comparison, and
that it may be possible to aggregate all of the statistical data relating to
the insane in the state of Michigan. It has been agreed by all of the
state institutions to present the 16 statistical tables which appear with
this report.
We are glad to report that the hospital was free from epidemic diseases during the period. One homicide and two suicides occurred.
One patient (a homicide) was transferred to the State Hospital at
Ionia, by direction of the Governor, and one patient was deported to
his home in Indiana.
The institution has been able to care for all patients within its district. ' The net gain in patients during the period was forty-seven.
There were 585 patients admitted during the period—338 men and
247 women.

14

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

The several counties committed patients as follows:
Alpena
Antrim
Arenac
Alcona
Benzie
Charlevoix
Clare
Crawford
Cheboygan
Emmet
Gladwin
Grand Traverse
Gratiot
Isabella
losco
Ionia
Kalainazoo
Kalkaska
Kent
INO legal settlement
Total
Of the
31
42
45
65
25
20
30

16 Lake
15 Leelanau
3 Manistee
9 Mason
21 Mecosta
33 Midland
10 Missaukee
1 Montcalm
25 Montmorency
28 Muskegon
4 Newaygo
41 Oceana
34 Ogemaw
21 Osceola
5 Oscoda
34 Otsego
1 Presque Isle
4 Koscominon
1 Wexford
;

5
8
29
20
28
14
10
39
1
34
8
19
7
24
4
3
5
1
19
1
585

585 patients admitted:
had been confined in county houses.
had been confined in jails.
had been treated in other asylums.
were said to have been destructive.
had attempted or threatened suicide.
were homicidal or had threatened homicidal assaults.
had been confined or restrained at home.

The number of patients confined in county houses, jails and other
asylums exceeded the last biennial period by 53, the number of suicidal
cases was greater by 5, and the number of homicidal cases was greater
by 5. Since June 30, 1892, these statistics have been regularly kept,
and show out of a total of 3,796 admissions:
150
406
266
457
325
480
382

( 3.9%)
(10.7%)
( 7 %)
(12 %)
( 8.5%)
(12.6%)
(10 %)

were confined in county houses.
had been confined in jails.
had been treated in other asylums.
were destructive.
were suicidal.
were homicidal.
required some sort of restraint at home.

FARM SCENES'—1885-1010.

NORTHERN

MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

15

COST OF MAINTENANCE.

The daily cost of maintenance per patient for the last 23 years has
been as follows:
Cents.
1886
53
1887
52
1888
51
1889
50
1890
49
1891
49
1892
48
1893
48
1894
48
1895
47
1896
46
1897
44
1898
42
1899
44
1900
44
1901
44
1902
44
1903 (The above exclusive of officers' salaries).... 44
1904 (Inclusive of officers' salaries)
48
1905 (Inclusive of officers' salaries
49
1906 (Inclusive of officers' salaries)
48
1907 (Inclusive of officers' salaries)
47
1908 (Inclusive of officers' salaries)
48
1909 (Inclusive of officers' salaries)
50
1910 (Inclusive of officers' salaries)
50
INCREASE OF PATIENTS.

The average yearly net increase of patients for a period of 22.5 years
has been 43.1 The net increase of patients for the district for the period
ending June 30, 1910, was 47.
There was 538 patients discharged during the period, 317 men and 221
women. Of this number 91 were discharged recovered, 125 improved,
46 unimproved, and 275 died. The percentage of recoveries on the whole
number under treatment was 2.7 per cent; on the number admitted 15.5
per cent.
The death rate 77 per thousand 1908-09, and- in 1909-10, 88 per thousand.
The readmissions for the period were, men, 39; women, 50; total, 89.
The readmissions from the beginning have been, men, 276; women, 261;
total, 539,—hence the total number of admissions, 5,280, represents 4,741
individuals.
The daily average number of patients for the period was 1,384. The
number of weeks spent in the institution by patients was 144,281 4/7.
This was an increase of 70 in the daily average, and an increase of 7,625
weeks' board over the preceding period.
On June 30, 1910, there were 1,384 patients under treatment at State
expense and 35 at private expense.

16

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

There were 271 persons employed at the asylum on June 30, 1910, in
the positions and at the wages given in the schedule accompanying this
report.
ORDINARY REPAIRS AND IMPROVEMENTS.

During the year ending June 30, 1909, the cost of repairs was
$22,017.46, and for the year ending June 30, 1910, $24,788.60. The installation of new water heaters, and the new heating and ventilating
plant necessitated many changes in the steam fitting and plumbing at
no small expense to the institution, as the cost of these changes was
extra to the appropriation made for their installation. A new gravel
roof was put on the laundry building, and the carriage and farm barns
were painted. The elevator in the administration building was repaired,
a new body ironer placed in the laundry, and considerable wire fence
built. The wood floors of dining rooms and toilet rooms, where decayed
or worn out, were replaced with tile floors. New bathrooms and an
addition to the dining room in the administration building were constructed. The clothes rooms in the terminal sections of both the north
and south wings were enlarged, and the fire hose cupboards made more
accessible and serviceable. About one-half mile of cement sidewalk was
laid to replace board walks which were decayed. A survey of the
grounds has been made with a view to conserve all water flowing from
springs along the base of the hills to the west of the asylum, for greater
fire protection and for general irrigation purposes. It is estimated that
over 300,000 gallons a day are now running to waste. About the only
cost to make this large supply of water available for practical uses, will
be that for necessary pipe and fittings for its proper distribution.
Small repairs are always very numerous and aggregate quite a large
sum each year, but need not be enumerated here.
SPECIAL APPROPRIATION, $2,000.

This appropriation was made by the legislature of 1905, to repair the
reservoir. There still remains in the hands of the treasurer to the credit
of this fund $1,287.22. Surveys have been made and estimates prepared
of the cost of building an additional dam to store several hundred thousand gallons of water which is now running to waste. The expense of
this improvement will about use up the balance on hand to the credit
of this fund.
SPECIAL APPROPRIATION, $2,500.

This fund was created to increase the fire protection of the institution.
There still remains in the hands of the treasurer to the credit of this
fund the sum of |1,750.75. Contracts are about to be let for iron pipe
and other material necessary to connect the asylum main with the mains
of Traverse City. When finished it will give very adequate fire protection to the institution.
ADDITION TO LIBRARY.

There still remains in the hands of the treasurer about $325 to the
credit of the fund for addition to the library. Small additions will be
made to the library from time to time from this money until it is consumed.

FARM SCENES.

NORTHERN

MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

17

EXTENSIONS TO NORTH AND SOUTH WINGS.

At the close of the last biennial period there remained in the hands
of the treasurer to the credit of the fund for the extension to the south
wing f40,041.01, and to the credit of the extension to the north wing
$37,733.40. These extensions are nearly finished, and one ward in the
north building is occupied by patients. The furniture and furnishings
are still to be purchased, but there remains in the hands of the treasurer the sum of $5,559.21 to the credit of this fund. We are pleased
to say that the original appropriation of $90,000 will be sufficient to
complete these buildings as authorized by the legislature.
SPECIAL APPROPRIATION, $35,000.

This appropriation was made by the last legislature for the improvement of the heating plant, and the hot water and ventilating systems.
After most careful consideration, the Marion hot water heater, manufactured at Marion, Ohio, was selected. The contract price for this
heater was $3,950, and the further sum of $675 was expended for a steam
pump. An expenditure of $375 was necessitated by labor and fittings
for connecting the apparatus with the old pipes, making the total of
the hot water machinery $5,000. The contract for the heating and ventilating apparatus was let to the Thomas Heating Co., of Racine, Wis.,
in the sum of $32,529.00. The Thomas Heating Co. included in their
contract the heating of the extensions to the north and south wings, for
which an appropriation had already been made.
The work of installing the hot water, the heating and the ventilating
systems has been finished, and we believe that they will prove very
efficient. The heating and ventilating systems are separate, so that
each can perform its work irrespective of the other. The heating system
consists of radiators located so as to maintain proper temperatures in
all of the rooms and hallways, and the radiators are equipped with
a vacuum system and automatic temperature regulation. The ventilation is effected by motor driven fans capable of giving a full supply of
air to each and every room under all conditions of weather. The air
is supplied at room temperature and independently of the heating.
We are pleased to say that the work has been well done, and within
the amount appropriated for the purpose.
SPECIAL APPROPRIATION, $2,500.
(For a roof for boiler room.)

This appropriation was granted by the last legislature, but it is not
available until July 1, 1910. Plans and specifications have been prepared for a steel and fire proof roof, but it is doubtful whether the appropriation is large enough to cover the cost of such construction. The
lowest estimate so far- received for the work is $2,900. The estimate
presented to the legislature for this improvement was $2,955. This
work should be commenced as soon as possible, as the old roof is in
very bad shape, and allows both rain and snow to wet the machinery
underneath.
3

18

STATE OF MICHIGAN.
SPECIAL APPROPRIATION, $5,000.

This appropriation was granted by the last legislature for the construction of new cold storage plant. The appropriation is not available until July 1, 1910. Plans and specifications are being prepared,
but it is doubtful whether the amount granted will be sufficient to cover
the cost of the plant as planned by the institution. This improvement
is much needed, as the asylum is practically without a suitable place
in which to care for milk, butter, eggs, meats, dried fruits, canned goods,
and many other stores that need to be carried in quantity.
NEEDS OF ASYLUM.

We regret that we have to come to your honorable body for appropriations for improvements to the institution, but as you know, the
hospital is growing, and in order to meet the demands of its district
certain improvements and additions have to be made from year to year.
You will recall that the institution is a quarter of a century old, and
that a considerable outlay is incurred each year to keep the buildings
in ordinary good condition.
CARPENTER AND PAINT SHOP.

Your honorable body is respectfully requested to appropriate the
sum of $5,500 for the construction of a carpenter and paint shop for
the use of the institution. As reported to the last legislature, the blacksmith shop and the carpenter shop have been associated in" small rooms
connected to the engine and boiler rooms. These rooms are too small
for either purpose. There is loss in time and money and in the waste
that is inseparable from the lack of storage room. The carpenter shop
is too small lor any amount of modern machinery. There is a small
planer in it, but in order to use it the lumber often has to be passed
out through a window, as there is not sufficient space in the room to
handle a long board. The institution has never had a proper place in
which to care for lumber, for carpenter utensils, for paints, oils and
glass, for lockers for workmen, for merchandise such as is used in
these departments, and no place in which the blacksmith or engineering
departments can store and properly care for the fittings, etc., that have
to be carried in stock. It is almost imperative in the interest of economy and of safety from fire to have a building for a carpenter and paint
shop and a general store room for material used in these departments,
and located at a safe distance from the main building. The present
blacksmith shop and carpenter shop can be converted into a blacksmith
shop and store room for engineering materials.
HEATING PLANT.

The last legislature made an appropriation of -|35,000 as above mentioned, for the installation of a heating plant, etc. The trustees requested an appropriation of |69,040 made for the purpose. The legislature appropriated ,f?>5,000, with which about half of the old heating
system has been replaced. The following reasons as presented by Brush,
Allen & Anderson in their report to. the Board, and which were pub-

FARM SCENES.

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

19

lished in the report of this institution for 1908, still hold good for that
part of the building which is heated by the old system.
"1st. The present system does not adequately heat the buildings, and
provision should be made to take care of this difficulty.
2nd. The present system has exhausted itself in part, and will require constant and excessive repairing annually from now on.
3rd. The present system does not serve as a consistent ventilating
system, and proper ventilation is by no means secured.
4th. The present system is extravagant in the extreme regarding the
expense of operation in comparison with results given.
These conditions are going to require a continual expenditure in
patching up, repairing and making temporary arrangements to give more
adequate results. The ultimate expense of these changes will become
very great year by year. Providing it is possible to complete the new
system immediately, the total cost in the long run will be much less
than the running expense of constantly patching up the old system, especially when considering the benefits of economy realized providing the
system is rectified."
Last year the cost for heating was 6.02 cents per patient per day.
This was 2.13 cents per patient per day more than at the Eastern Michigan Asylum, and 2.43 cents per patient per day more than at the Michigan Asylum. This would be a difference, based upon the number of
patients treated in the Northern Michigan Asylum, of about 111,00,0 a
year, or 33% of what the proposed new plant will cost.
For these reasons we would respectfully ask an appropriation of
$35,000 to complete the heating and ventilating systems of the main
building, of the kitchen building and of the hospital buildings, as was
contemplated by our request to the legislature of two years ago.
FENCING.

Your honorable body is respectfully requested to make an appropriation of |4,500 for wire fencing with cast posts to be used in replacing
the fences on Division St. on both sides of Asylum Avenue and Elmwood
Ave.
ARTESIAN WELLS.

Your honorable body is respectfully requested to appropriate the sum
of $1,000 to construct artesian wells to increase the domestic water
supply of the institution. During the last year water was pumped
from the deep well, and doubtless the fuel used in driving the pumps
cost more than an additional well would have cost. This appropriation
should be granted.
RE-ROOFING OF COTTAGES 28 AND 32.

The attention of the last legislature was called to the condition of the
roofs of these buildings. They are in very bad shape and should be
re-shingled. We would recommend that slate be used, and would respectfully ask for this purpose an appropriation of $2,100.

20

STATE OF MICHIGAN.
EXTENSION TO LAUNDRY AND ADDITIONAL LAUNDRY MACHINERY.

Your honorable body is respectfully asked to appropriate the sum of
$1,200 to build a general repair room and to enlarge the ironing room
of the laundry. A further sum of $175 is requested for the purchase of
a shirt ironer, and the further sum of $675 for the purchase of a washing machine. These improvements are much needed. The laundry was
built in 1895 and was supposed to be large enough for all time, but the
institution has outgrown it, and it must be enlarged to meet the demands made upon it.
REPAIRS AND PAINTING OF ROOFS AND GUTTERS.

The roofs, gutters and galvanized iron work of the asylum buildings
are sadly in need of repair and painting. It has been many years since
they have been repaired, and we respectfully ask an appropriation of
$3,500 for these improvements.
PORCH FOR COTTAGE 32.

Your honorable body is requested to appropriate $600 to construct a
porch at Cottage 32. This cottage has recently been devoted to the
care of tuberculous patients, but it is without necessary porch room
for the out-door care of the invalids. The out-door treatment of tuberculous people is imperative, and for this reason we respectfully ask for
the funds to build the porch.
SEWAGE DISPOSAL.

For some time the city has been agitating the question of special
sewage disposal for the city, and if the city decides to' change the present system it will be imperative for the asylum to make special disposal
of its sewage. The existing sewers of the institution discharge into the
Boardman river, thence into the bay. There can be no doubt that this
is wrong, and we would respectfully ask the legislature to give this
matter very careful consideration, so that it may be known what attitude the state will assume. Without doubt sewage disposal beds could
be established that would be much more sanitary to the public health
than is the present system.
GENERAL DINING EOOMS.

The experience of the last twenty years has demonstrated that the
kitchens and dining rooms associated with isolated cottages add to the
cost of maintenance. Each kitchen requires a range, coal and kindling,
sinks, steamers and cooking utensils, etc. These have to be duplicated
in each building. Also a large amount of space in each cottage is taken
up by the dining room, which adds to the cost of construction. Further,
cooks and assistant cooks must be employed at each cottage, all of which
adds to the cost of living.
An appropriation of $18,000 is respectfully requested to build a central dining room and kitchen for the cottages for men and women.
Each building should be large enough to accommodate 350 patients. The
rooms at present occupied by kitchens and dining rooms could be con-

HOLSTEIN-FRIESIANS.

NORTHERN

MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

21

verted into dormitories, and accommodations thus provided for 130
more patients. This would be very much cheaper than to build cottages for 130 patients, which would cost at least $50,000. Further, the
central dining room would save largely in help, the cost of ranges and
repairs for the same, in fuel, and besides would afford much closer
attention to the details of cooking, etc., than is possible under existing
conditions.
For these reasons your honorable body is respectfully requested to
appropriate the necessary money for the construction of these buildings.
RECAPITULATION

OF APPROPRIATIONS REQUESTED.

Carpenter and paint shop
$5,500 00
Completion of heating and ventilating system.. 35,000 00
Fencing
4,500 00
Artesian Wells
1,000 00
Re-roofing of Cottages
2,100 00
Extension to laundry and additional laundry
machinery
,
2,050 00
Repairs and painting of roofs and gutters
3,500 00
Central dining rooms for men and women.... 18,000 00
Porch for cottage 32
600 00
Total

$72,250 00

FARM, GARDEN, STOCK AND GROUNDS.

The asylum real estate comprises 728 acres. As given in the census
report on June 1st this estate has 445 acres improved land under cultivation, regularly tilled and cropped, or mowed and pastured in rotation, or land in gardens, orchards, vineyards, and land occupied by
buildings. The woodland of the farm was 236 acres occupied by forests
for wood or parks for shelter, while the balance, 47 acres, is land in
process of clearing, stumping and draining, preparatory to cropping and
usefulness.
The products of the farm for the past two years have been as varied
in kind and as great or greater in value, as in any of the previous biennial periods; and while large crops have been taken from the farm, its
productiveness has been kept as good, and in some portions made better,
than before, and the acreage in orchard, garden and cultivated fields has
been increased.
The implements upon the farm have been kept in a good state of repair, and their number and efficiency increased. The farm buildings
are in an excellent state of preservation, and meet the needs of the institution.
The live stock has been maintained in number and its value increased
by careful breeding. The dairy herd today numbers 113 head of all ages
and has a value of almost $20,000.00, and probably more, judging from
recent auction sales of herds of Hoi stein Friesians in many parts of the
country.
The growth in size, and the increased value of the farm, and of its
products and stock, in the past quarter of a century, may well claim
our attention, and we may derive pleasure from its contemplation.
From the first biennial report we learn that the farm then comprised
339.9 acres mostly consisting of forests in the primeval state, undrained

22

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

swamps or uncleared stump lands, without fences, roads or buildings
for farm use. Today there are 728 acres in the farm that show large,
finely cultivated fields yielding yearly bountiful crops, or smooth
meadows or pastures giving an abundance of forage, or large orchards,
gardens and vineyards growing fine fruits and choice vegetables.
Twenty-five years ago the orchards, small fruit plats and vineyards
were yet to be planted; now there are 2,563 apple trees nearly one-half
in bearing, 1,182 peach trees, two-thirds producing fruit which, with
the pear, plum and cherry trees, make a total of 4,893 trees, half of
which are yielding good returns, and which will be increased for many
years to come. Besides these, there are 1,352 grape vines and 10 acres of
currants, raspberries and strawberries. Twenty or more acres are in
the gardens, yielding an abundant supply of the choicest of vegetables
for the tables. These are supplemented by greenhouses and accessories,
where, under glass, many vegetables are grown, and the stock is made
ready for outside culture as early as the seasons will allow.
The amount of crops grown has been shown in the regular reports.
The first report showed $14,205.31 in value of crops, of which nearly onehalf was forest products taken from the farm in the first two years.
In the last two years the gross value of the crops grown upon the
farm and the value of stock sold was $66,188.94, an average of $33,094.47
per year, all of which was consumed by the institution.
With the growth of the farm and its cultivation, fences, streets, parks,
shade trees and buildings have been added to make access easy and
protect and shelter stock and crops.
The dairy herd of Holstein Friesians has been a source of pride and
profit to the asylum, furnishing a good supply of milk, excellent veal
and beef, and yielding a large income in the sale of the surplus stock
grown. This breed of cattle was introduced iipon the asylum farm by
a single animal bought 24 years ago>, two others added two years later,
and a little later 16 head were purchased, and so on until the farm was
fully stocked with pure bred animals. The herd has attained a reputation for its purity of breeding, and general good qualities and excellence
all over the country. Fifty-two cows and seven bulls have been purchased, the cost of which was $6,035 or an average of $102.30. The
sales from the herd in the meantime, have been great, $6,830.00 in a
single biennial period, or $800.00 more than all the purchases for 20
years. Sales of cattle have been made to 33 counties in this state, and
G states and Ontario besides. The number of sales amounts to 228 head
of various ages, of which 179 head were sold within the state and 49
outside of the state. The value from these sales has been $22,153.00,
and the herd is now worth more than ever before. This herd of cattle
has been kept to supply milk for the patients of the institution, furnishing the best of food, and the sales have been mostly of young bulls
and a few surplus cows. The yield of milk given in the first biennial
report was 251,000 pounds, or 125,500 pounds per year. This amount
increased each year until in 1898, when the amount of 481,210 pounds
was reached. For the last 12 years, or since the herd has become pure
bred Holstein Friesian, the average has been 606,185 pounds per year, a
little over 303 tons of milk in 365 days, or 1,660 pounds per day.
By careful breeding, judicious selection, and wise purchase of new
blood, the herd can be made to yield more and better milk, and its

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

23

sales of surplus stock will be larger and for better prices than in the
past.
RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS.

The total receipts of the asylum for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1909, including cash on hand and credits on special appropriations accounts, were $358,798.72; and the total disbursements for the same
period, including special appropriations, were $324,475.44.
The total receipts of the asylum for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1910, including cash on hand and credits on special appropriations accounts, were $348,319.74; and the total disbursements for the same
period, including special appropriations, were f320,865.70.
There was at the close of the biennial period ending June 30, 1910,
127,454.04 in the hands of the Treasurer; $9,375.97 of which amount was
to the credit of the current expense account and the balance of
$18,078.07, unexpended balances to the credit of special appropriations
accounts.
OFFICERS.

In 1908, Ho>n. H. C. Davis, of Traverse City, Mich., was re-appointed
to the Board. Mr. Davis has served continuously on the Board since
1891.
In 1908, Hon. E. S. Wagar, of Edmore, Mich., was appointed to the
Board. Mr. Wagar had had large experience in the Legislature of Michigan and also in the management of large private business affairs, and
is a valuable acquisition to the Board.
On the 1st of April, 1910, Dr. Guy M. Johnson, assistant physician to
the staff, resigned to enter private practice in Traverse City. On the
1st of September, 1909, Dr. Beatrice Stevenson, who had been the woman
physician on the staff for a number of years, resigned to enter private
practice in Detroit. In June, 1910, Dr. H. T>. Purdum, who had been
an assistant physician for several years, resigned to accept the superintendency of the psychopathic ward of the Bay View Hospital at Baltimore.
In April, 1910, Adah Epperson, M. D., was appointed to the position
of woman physician on our staff. Dr. Epperson came to us highly
recommended, and thus far has proved efficient in the discharge of her
duties.
The period just closed has been an active one in the upbuilding of
the institution, not only in the extension of the hospital proper, but
in bringing more modern ideas, not only in hospital construction,
but in the medical care of cases, also in the development of the farm
and all departments of the institution. In closing we can only express
our appreciation of the efforts of the officers and all other employees.
T. T. BATES,
W. W. MITCHELL,
H. C. DAVIS,
M. F. QUAINTANCE,
WILLIAM LLOYD,
E. S. WAGAE,
Trustees.
Traverse City, Mich., June 30, 1910.

24

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

TREASURER'S REPORT.
ABSTRACTS
OF ACCOUNTS CURRENT OF THE RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS AT THE NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1909.
THE STATE or MICHIGAN, In account with Samuel Garland, Treasurer of the Northern
Michigan Asylum, for month ending July 31, 1908.
By balance on hand July 1, 1908
Cash from State Treasurer:
Account of extension to north wing.
Account of current expense
Cash from other sources

To account
Account
Account
Account
Balance

of
of
of
of
on

repairs on reservoir
extension to south wing
extension to north wing.
current expense
hand to new a c c o u n t . . . .

$40,237
45,000
21,628
487

72
00
75
64

$217
3,914
4,192
21,303
77,725

50
84
65
57
55

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. In account with Samuel Garland, Treasurer
Michigan Asylum, for month ending August 31, 1908.
By balance on hand August 1, 1908.
Cash from State Treasurer:
Account current expense
Cash from other sources

To account
Account
Account
Balance

of
of
of
on

$107,354 11

$107,354 11

of the Northern

?77,725 55
21,628 75
932 28

$3,246
656
19,007
77,375

extension to south wing.
extension to north wing.
current expense
hand to new account....

82
11
71
94

$100,286 58

$100,286 58

THE STATE or MICHIOAN, In account with Samuel Garland, Treasurer of the Northern
Michigan Asylum, for month ending September 30, 1908.

By balance on hand September 1, 1908.
Cash from State Treasurer:
Account current expense
Cash from other sources

$77,375 94
21,628 75
1,357 41

$100,362 10

DEBITS.

To account
Account
Account
Balance

of
of
of
on

extension to south wing
extension to north wing
current expense
hand to new account

$3,477
3,870
22.872
70,141

95
28
52
35

$100,362 10

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

25

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with Samuel Garland, Treasurer
Michigan Asylum, for month ending October 31, 1908.

By balance on hand October 1, 1908.
Cash from State Treasurer:
Account current expense
Cash from other sources

To account
Account
Account
Balance

of extension to south wing.
of extension to north wing.
current expense
on hand to new account. ..

of the Northern

$70,141 35
20,569 60
1,238 07.

$3,308
3,018
24,562
61,059

36
53
33
80

$91,949 02

$91,949 02

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with Samuel Garland, Treasurer of the Northern
Michigan Asylum, for month ending November 30, 1908.

By balance on hand November 1, 1908.
Cash from State Treasurer:
Account current expense
Cash from other sources

To account
Account
Account
Balance

of
of
of
on

extension to south wing.
extension to north wing.
current expense
hand to new account. ..

$61,059 80
20,569 59
204 75

$1,349
1,218
23.136
56,129

70
2R
81
17

1,834 14

$81,834 14

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with Samuel Garland, Treasurer of the Northern
Michigan Asylum, for month ending December 31, 1908.

By balance on hand December 1, 1908.
Cash from other sources

To account
Account
Account
Balance

of extension to south wing ..
of extension to north wing
of current expense
on hand to new account

$56,129 17
1,280 03

$2,066
2,034
24,654
28.653

95
30
27
68

$57,409 20

$57,409 20

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with Samuel Garland, Treasurer of the Northern
Michigan Asylum,, for month ending January 30, 1909.

Balance on hand January 1, 1909
Cash from State Treasurer:
Account current expense . . . .
Cash from other sources

To account
Account
Account
Balance

of
of
of
on

extension to south wing.
extension to north wing
current expense
hand to new account . ..

$28,653 68
20,569 58
505 44

$735
568
22,234
26,189

90
59
75
46

$49,728 70

$49,728 70

26

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with Samuel Garland, Treasurer of the
Michigan Asylum, for month ending February 27, 1909.

Northern

CBEDITS.
Balance on hand February 1, 1909
Cash from State Treasurer:
Account current expense
Cash from other sources

$26,189 46
47,820 61
1,271 57
$75,281 64

To account of
To account
Account of
Balance on

extension to south wing....
of extension to north wing.
current expense
hand to new account

$824
465
19,671
54,319

37
81
56
90

$75,281 64

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with Samuel Garland, Treasurer of the Northern
Michigan Asylum, for month ending March 31, 1909.
Balance on hand March 1, 1909
Cash from State Treasurer:
Account current expense .
Cash from other sources

To account
Account
Account
Balance

of
of
of
on

extension to south wing.
extension to north wing.
current expense . . . . . . . .
hand to new account ...

$54,319 90
23,910 30
1,349 24

$600
554
24,769
53,655

$79,579 44

50
02
79
13

$79,579 44

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with Samuel Garland, Treasurer of the
Michigan Asylum, for month ending April 30, 1909.
Balance on hand April 1, 1909
Cash from State Treasurer :
Account current expense . .
Cash from other sources

To account
Account
Account
Balance

of
of
of
on

extension to south wing..
extension to north wing
current expense
hand to new account

$53,655 13
21,276 98
1,744 47

$1,431
1,282
27,177
46,785

28
25
75
30

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account witJi Samuel Garland, Treasurer of the
Michigan Asylum, for month ending May 29, 1909.
Balance on hand May 1, 1909
Cash from State Treasurer:
Account current expense ..
Cash from other sources

To account
Account
Account
Balance

of
of
of
on

extension to south wing.
extension to north wing. .
current expense
hand to new account....

$46,785 30
21,116 34
740 49

$3,816
3,381
22,760
38,683

89
25
87
12

Northern

$76,676 58

$76,676 58
Northern

$68,642 13

$68,642 13

27

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account -with Samuel Garland, Treasurer of the Northern
Michigan A.sylum, for month ending June 30, 1909.
Balance on hand June 1, 1909.
Cash from State Treasurer:
Account current expense . ,
Cash from other sources

To account
Account
Account
Account
Balance

of
of
of
of
on

$38,683 12
21,116 33
614 03

extension to south wing
extension to north wing,
additional fire protection
current expense
hand to new account

$3,205
3,127
46
19,711
34,323

63
29
20
08
28

0,413 48

$60,413 48

SUMMARY.
THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with Samuel Garland, Treasurer of the Northern
Michigan Asylum, for fiscal year ending June 30, 1909.

Balance on hand July 1, 1908
Cash from State Treasurer :
Account of extension to north wing
Account of current expense
Cash from other sources

$40,237
45.000
261,835
11,725

72
00
58
42

To disbursements :
Account of repairs to reservoir
Account of extension to south wing .
Account of extension to north wing. .
Account of additional fire protection
Account of current expense
Balance on hand to new account . ..

$217
27,979
24,369
46
271,863
34,323

50
39
34
20
01
28

$358,798 72

$358,798 72

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

28

ABSTRACTS
OF ACCOUNTS CURRENT OF THE RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS AT THE NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1910.
THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with Samuel Garland, Treasurer of the Northern
Michigan Asylum, for month ending July 31, 1909.
Balance on hand July 1, 1909
Cash from other sources ...

To account
Account
Account
Balance

of
of
of
on

$34,323 28
1,220 67

extension to south wing
extension to north wing
current expense
hand to new account ...

$1,840
1,S51
18,340
13,511

41
22
39
93

$35,543 95

$35,543 95

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with Samuel Garland, Treasurer of the Northern
Michigan Asylum, for month ending August 31, 1909.
Balance on hand August 1, 1909
Cash from State Treasurer:
Account of current e-xpense
Cash from other sources

To account
Account
Account
Balance

of
of
of
on

extension to south wing
extension to north wing
current expense
hand to new account

$13,511 93
45,832 96
182 53

•

$1,844
2,318
22,659
32,705

08
99
10
25

$59,527 42

$59,527 42

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with Samuel Garland, Treasurer of the Northern
Michigan Asylum, for month ending September 29, 1909.
Balance on hand September 1, 1909
Cash from State Treasurer :
Account of current expense
Cash from other sources
To account of
Account of
Account of
system
Account of
Balance on

extension to south wing
extension to north wing
improvement, heating, ventilating and hot water
current expense
hand to new account

$32,705 25
22,910 46
2fi8 06
$55,889 77

$800 21
1,287 30
2,37082
17,228 54
34,202 90

$55,889 77

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with Samuel Garland, Treasurer of the Northern
Michigan Asylum, for month en/ling October 30, 1909.
Balance on hand October 1, 1909
Cash from other sources

$34,202 90
1,619 05

$35,821 95

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

29

DEBITS.

To account of
Account of
Account of
system
Account of
Balance on

extension to south wing
extension to north wing
improvement, heating, ventilating and hot water
current expense
hand to new account

$262 48
976 12
3,230 17
22,501 08
8,852 10

$35,821 95

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with Samuel Garland, Treasurer of the Northern
Michigan Asylum, for month ending November 30, 1909.
Balance on hand November 1, 1909
Cash from State Treasurer:
Account current expense
Cash from other sources

$8,852 10
43,009 76
248 22

$52,110 08

DEBITS.

To account of extension to south wing
Account of extension to north wing
Account of improvement, heating, ventilating and hot water
system
Account of books and musical instruments
Account of current expense
Balance on hand to new account

$217 02
870 14
299
8
32,015
18,700

01
65
17
09

$52,110 08

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with Samuel Garland, Treasurer of the Northern
Michigan Asylum, for month ending December 31, 1909.
Balance on hand December 1, 1909
Cash from State Treasurer:
Account current expense
Cash from other sources . .

To account
Account
Account
Balance

of
of
of
on

extension to south wing .
extension to north wing
current expense
hand to new account . . .

$18,700 09
21,504 87
807 03

$301
854
21,776
18,079

46
49
84
20

$41,011 99

$41,011 99

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. In account with Samuel Garland, Treasurer of the Northern
Michigan Asylum, for month ending January 31, 1910.
Balance on hand January 1, 1910
Cash from other sources
Balance overdrawn

To account of extension to south wing
Account of extension to south wing
Account of improvement, heating, ventilating and hot water
system
Account of books and musical instruments
Account of current expense

$18,079 20
1,225 31
2,018 22

$21,322 73

$222 72
222 73
27 67
44 50
20,805 11

$21,322 73

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with Samuel Garland, Treasurer of the Northern
Michigan Asylum, for month ending February 28, 1910.
CREDITS.
Cash from State Treasurer:
Account of current expense
Account of improvement, heating, ventilating and hot water
system
Cash from other sources

$47,849 02
20,000 00
919 75

8,768 77

30

STATE OF MICHIGAN.
DEBITS.

To balance overdrawn February 1, 1910
Account of extension to south wing
Account of improvement, heating, ventilating and hot water
system
Account of current expense
Balance on hand to new account

$2,018 22
23 10
3,918 94
22,707 90
40,100 61
$68,768 77

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with Samuel Garland, Treasurer of the Northern
Michigan Asylum, for month ending March 31, 1910.
Balance on hand March 1, 1910
Cash from State Treasurer:
Account of current expense
Cash from other sources

$40,100 61
23,924 50
711 04

$64,736 15

DEBITS.
To account of
Account of
Account of
system
Account of
Balance on

extension to south wing
extension to north wing
improvement, heating, ventilating and hot water
current expense
hand to new account

$2,229
2,305
7,327
23,290
29,582

THE STATE OP MICHIGAN, In account with Samuel Garland, Treasurer
Michigan Asylum, for month ending April 30, 1910.

72
92
58
39
54

$64,736 15

of the Northern

CEEDITS.

Balance on hand April 1, 1910
Cash from State Treasurer:
Account of current expense
Account of improvement, heating, ventilating and hot water
system
Cash from other sources

$29,582 54
21,554 93
15,000 00
931 16

$67,068 63

DEBITS.

To account of
Account of
system
Account of
Balance on

extension to north wing
improvement, heating, ventilating and hot water
current expense
hand to new account

$43 98
6,601 83
26,065 01
34,357 81

$67,068 63

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with Samuel Garland, Treasurer of the Northern
Michigan Asylum, for month ending May 31, 1910.
Balance on hand May 1, 1910 . .
Cash from State Treasurer:
Account of current expense
Cash from other sources . . . .

To account of extension to south wing
Account of current expense
Balance on hand to new account . ..

$34,357 81
21,554 93
654 00

$185 00
24,879 87
31,501 87

$56,566 74

$56,566 74

THE STATE OP MICHIGAN, In account with Samuel. Garland, Treasurer of the Northern
Michigan Asylum, for month ending June 30, 1910.
Balance on hand June 1, 1910 .
Cash from State Treasurer:
Account of current expense
Cash from other sources

$31,501 87
21,554 92
507 29

$53.564 08

31

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.
DEBITS.

To account of
Account of
system
Account of
Balance on

extension to south wing
improvement, heating, ventilating and hot water
current expense
hand to new account

$79
3,149
22,881
27,454

20
12
72
04

$53,564 08

SUMMARY.
THE STATE oir MICHIGAN, In account with, Samuel Garland, Treasurer of the northern
Michigan Asylum, for month ending June 30, 1910.
CREDITS.
Balance on hand July 1, 1909
Cash from State Treasurer:
Account of improvement, heating, ventilating and hot water
system
Account current expense
Cash from other sources
DEBITS.
To disbursements :
Account of extension to south wing
Account of extension to north wing
Account of improvement, heating, ventilating and hot water
system
Account of books and musical instruments
Account of current expense
Balance on hand to new account

$34,323 28
35,000 00
269,702 35
9,294 11

$8,005
10,730
26,925
53
275,151
27,454

40
89
14
15
12
04

,319 74

$348,319 74

We have carefully examined the accounts of Samuel Garland, Treas'nrer of the Northern Michigan Asylum, for the biennial period ending,
June 30th, 1910, and have compared the same with the books and vouchers and verified the same by further comparison with the books of the
Steward and hereby certify to the entire correctness of .them.
T. T. BATES,
M. F. QUAINTANCE,
WM. LLOYD,
Auditing Committee.

32

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

STEWARD'S REPORT.
FOR THE BIENNIAL PERIOD ENDING JUNEj_30, 1910.
ANALYSIS OF RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS FOR THE BIENNIAL PERIOD ENDING JUNE 30, 1910.

RECEIPTS.

Maintenance, etc., State patients
Maintenance, etc., private patients
Farm
Sundry accounts
Special appropriations:
Extension to north wing
Improvement of heating, ventilating and hot water system.

$531,537
11,762
5,678
3,577

93
85
74
94

45,000 00
35,000 00

$632,557 46

DISBURSEMENTS.

1.

Offlcrs'

2.

Food:
Wages
Meat and
. Butter
Flour
Sugar
Coffee
Tea
Miscellaneous
Coal and gas

salaries

$27,757 39
.
fish
.'

$16,273 42
61,455 18
23,059 45
16,886 67
10,823 20
5,687 47
2,617 58
32,841 06
1,336 79

3.

Clothing:
Wages of clerks
Cost of clothing

$2,352 51
31,957 99

4.

Laundry expenses:
Wages
Soap making
Tallow
Starch
Caustic soda
Machinery and
Electric irons
Baskets and tubs
Indelible ink

$9,613 89
1,894 22
538 57
379 41
238 97
1,268 50
38 32
175 50
13 10

5.

6.

Heating and light:
Wages
Coal and freight on same
Gas
Electric supplies
Light and gas
Gas range
Oil
Floral, greenhouse and grounds:
Wages
Seeds
Trees
Flower pots and boxes
Spraying outfit
Fencing
Glass
Implements
Drain pipe
Garden hose

fittings

fixtures

$7,334 96
44,548 20
1,545 29
922 46
260 58
274 10
3743
$3.823
244
133
54
202
324
33
65
65
75

37
57
56
07
63
96
34
37
69
05

$27,757 39

170,980 82
34,310 50

14,160 48

54,923 02

5,022 61

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.
7. Medical department:
Wages
Drugs
Surgical instruments
Medical books
Pins for graduate nurses
8. Office, stationery, etc.:
Wages
Postage stamps
Telephones
Stationery
Printing
Typewriters
Ink
Blank books, etc
County atlas
9. Amusement and instruction:
Music for patients' parties
Christmas tree candies and toys
Circus tickets
Entertainment
Books and games
Music for choir
Repairing and tuning pianos
Basket making material
Addresses to graduates
Music for graduating exercises
Medical books

33

$97,871
5,453
45
106
67

83
84
58
97
50

$3,989 16
660 00
859 49
466 60
596 11
180 86
735
108 07
15 00
$219
136
39
25
78
6
83
11
50
25
52

50
87
00
00
86
00
00
13
00
00
55

10. Furniture and Household supplies:
Wages
Dry goods
Bedding
Blankets
Mattress hair
Carpet
Curtain rollers
Furniture
Hardware
Crockery
Utensils
Soap
Polish
Insect powder and disinfectant
Electric renovator and cleaner
Sewing machine
Brooms and brushes
Toilet paper
Baskets and paper sacks
Leather muffs

$3,028
10,920
331
563
465
131
24
421
1,906
1,648
657
1,559
39
46
303
26
1,102
510
13
18

70
39
38
16
00
40
50
41
27
30
64
19
20
50
50
40
92
77
95
25

11. Carriage oarn and vehicles:
Wages
Feed
Hay and straw
Vehicles
Blacksmithing, etc
Repairs to harness
Implements
Oil
Veterinary

$1,406 05
398 98
254 21
10980
64 01
44 72
2 90
120
6 50

12. Improvements and repairs:
Wages
Hardware
Iron pipe and -fittings
Iron and castings
Paint and oil
Lime and cement
Tile and tiling
Lumber
Roofing
Glass
Wall paper
Weather strips
Elevator repairs
Valve reseating machine
Rubber hose
Blacksmithing
Wheelbarrow
Tools and implements
Valves
Food cars

$30,506 77
2,117 89
4,498 89
1,970 00
2,776 00
1,182 42
985 68
724 17
350 83
93 79
154 60
298 52
500 00
170 50
121 58
38 27
8 00
1992
23 43
224 95

-

•.

'

,

$103,545 72

6,882 64

726 91

23,718 83

2,288 37

46,806 06

5

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

34
13.

14.

Machinery:
Machine
Valves
Steam trap, etc
Water
Hose
Lubricating oil, etc
Belting
Steam charts
Castings
Packing and gaskets
Steam gauges
Engine supplies
Repairs to gas engine

fittings
filter

Farm, garden and stock:
Wages
Feed
Hay
Strays'
Testing and registering cattle
Steers for beef
Pigs
Chickens
Veterinary
•.
Implements
Harness
Plaster
Manure
Fertilizer
Fencing
Sewer pipe
Paris green
Seeds
Trees
Blacksmithing

15.

Miscellaneous:
Wages of watchmen
Tobacco
Messages, etc
Superintendent's expenses to Board meetings, etc.. . •.
Steward's expenses purchasing supplies, etc
Assistant physician's expenses at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Freight and express
Repairing clocks
Sacks
Livery for trustees
Expenses for consulting engineer for heating plant, etc.
Miscellaneous
Amounts charged back:
Patients' expenses home
Elopement expenses
Express on patients' clothing
Purchases for patients
Undertakers' fees
Refunded money
Board of workman
Special

appropriations:
Extension to north wing
Extension to south wing
Improvement of heating, ventilating and hot
systems
Repairs to reservoir
Additional fire protection
Books and musical instruments

water

$260
159
40
65
273
246
11
13
30
294
21
20
37

44
51
38
26
48
84
55
85
42
88
48
92
30

$18,345
1B.951
2,923
335
385
3,484
74
9
156
655
136
89
209
437
39
100
87
495
11
229

99
59
04
26
63
40
10
00
53
56
79
36
00
25
83
56
00
40
50
98

$3,012
3,534
191
58
218

34
55
05
60
72

$1,476 31

45,157 77

46 56
20 71
9 00
282
11 50
330 01
4 22
299
544
1
218
409
334
9

25
29
25
10
84
44
45

$35,100 23
35,984 79
26,025
217
46
• 53

14
50
20
15

98,327 01
$645,341 14

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

FARM REPORT.
FOR THE BIENNIAL PERIOD ENDING JUNE 30, 1910.
Asparagus, Ibs
Apples, bushels
Beans, bushels
Beans, string, biishels
Bedding, tons
Beef, Ibs
Beets, bushels
Beet greens, Ibs
Cabbage, heads
Carrots, bushels
Cauliflower, heads
Celery, heads
Cherries, quarts
Currants, quarts
Chicken. Ibs.
Corn, bushels
Cucumbers, dozen
Cucumbers, bushels
Eggs, vegetable, bushels
Fodder, tons
Feed, green, tons
Grapes, btishels
Hay, tons
Kohlrabi, bushels
Lettuce, Ibs
Mangels, bushels
Milk, Ibs
Muskmelons, Ibs
Oats, bushels
Onions, dozen

1,755
1,765%

Parsnips, bushels
Peas, bushels
Peaches, bushels
Pepper, bushels
Potatoes, bushels
45,741
Potatoes, sweet, bushels
1,885 * Pork, Ibs
130
Plums, bushels
16,347
Pumpkins and squash for feed,
9,365
tons
785
Pumpkins, tons
26,275
Radishes, dozen
7,860
Rutabagas, bushels
2,381
Rhubarb, Ibs
55% . Raspberries, quarts
1,182
Strawberries, quarts
808
Srniash, tons
Sage, bunches
159
4
Savory, bunches
86%
Salsify, bushels
58
Spinach, Ibs
415
Tomatoes, ripe, bushels
530
Tomatoes, green, bushels
10 1/3
Turnips, bushels
10,875
Turkey, Ibs
7,510
Veal, Ibs
Watermelons, Ibs
1,210,800
11,550
Premiums on cattle
1,791
Cattle sold
10,215
Hides sold
335
79
43

2,896

240

1,840%

20

9,045

60

22,990
241 1/3
12 V>

191/2

12,653
866

15,665
2,485
6,416

29%
250
100
225

4,350
1,031

104

2,324

17
781

5,870
$56.00
$4,813.95
$721.88

SUMMARY OF INVENTORY, NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM, JUNE 30, 1910.
Farm and grounds
$53,163 00
857,701 00
Buildings
Stock on farm
20,814 00
Administration building
7,328 04
Pathological laboratory
1,213 00
1,270 95
Dispensary
Chapel and library
1.309 60
28,462 82
WTards
3,023 46
Cottage 21
3,025 42
Cottage 23
Cottage 24 and 26
4,140 04
2,402 22
Cottage 25
3,727 95
Cottage 27
1,920 69
Cottage 28
3,314 13
Cottage 29
3,191 04
Cottage 30
1,652 00
Cottage 31
1,867 33
Cottage 32
3,332 86
Cottage 34
3,466 60
Cottage 36
1,008 13
Cottage 38
4,970 58
Kitchen and bakery
6,432 75
Engine room and shops
6,853 30
Laundry
4,553 59
Farm implements and barn fixtures
259 84
Store fixtures
2,838 86
Groceries
482 17
Meats
879 87
Hardware and miscellaneous . . . .
1,905 24
Notions
357 88
Crockery
86 21
Silver plated ware
2,959 79
Dry goods
1,459 27
Boots and shoes
5,488 83
Clothing
$1, 046,862 46
C. L. WHITNEY, Steward.

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

36

EEPORT OF MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT.
/

To tJie Board of Trustees:
Gentlemen—As required by law I have the honor to submit for your
consideration the following report of the principal events of the asylum
for the biennial period ending June 30, 1910. The movement of population has been as follows:
TABLE I.—Patients admitted and discharged during the biennial period.
Males .

Admitted during period:
On original committment:
Public
By transfer from State institutions:
Public
State
Total under treatment .
Discharged:
Died

Females.

Total.

739

598

1337

307
19
2

216
18
2

523
37
4

9
1
0

11
0
0

20
1
0

1077

845

1922

38
76
32
171
0

48
44
25
104
0

86
120
57
275
0

760

624

1384

If these statistics are compared with those of the last preceding period
it will be found that the admissions were 80, and the discharges 62 more.
During the last year there has been a decrease of 23 patients in the
population of the asylum.
The number of patients discharged recovered was much the same as
in former periods. The smallest number of patients under treatment
in any one day was 1,339 and the largest number was 1,414.
The death rate has been slightly greater. The following table shows
the sex, age, form of disease and cause of death in each case.

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

37

TABLE O.
Sex.
Female

Age.
92
80
68
49
85

Female

46
79
63
37
64

Female

56

Female
Female

45
51
82
66

Female
Female
Female . . .
Female
Female . . . .
Female
Female ... .
Female

Female
Female . . .
Female
Female

54
33
43
64
34
47
63
79
53
41
64
32
80
90
73
42
78
35
71

36
73
48
Female ... . 30
72

Female

Female
Female
Female
Female
Female
Female
Female
Female
Female
Female
Female
Female
Female
Female
Female
Female
Female
Female

65
36
42
77
47
66
42
49
65
55
50
88
89
39
47
52
72
33
58
50
46
64
55
50

Nativity.

Form of mental disease.

England. . . .
England. . . .
Germany. . . Paranoid state
Norway . . . .
Unknown.. . Organic
Germany. . .
Michigan . . . Paranoid state
Finland . . . . Manic depressive
New York . .
Ohio
....
C. 1. Neurasthenia
New York . . A. 2 Dementia
Penn
Organic
Michigan . . . C. 1. Neurasthenia

Cause of death.
Cardiac diasese.
Apoplexy.
Dysentery.
Dysentery.
Dysentery.
Diabetes.
Apoplexy.
Cancer.
Exhaustion.
Apoplexy.
Exhaustion.
Strangulation.
Tuberculosis.
Apoplexy.
Tuberculosis.

General paralysis.
General paralysis.
Tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis.
Pneumonia.
Michigan . . .
Tuberculosis.
Norway . . . .
General paralysis.
Michigan . . .
Cardiac disease.
Denmark . . . Organic
Pneumonia.
Sweden . . . .
Exhaustion.
Canada
Status epilepticus.
Germany. . . A. 2. Dementia
Tuberculosis.
Finland . . . . Manic depressive
Tuberculosis.
Cancer.
New York . .
Tuberculosis.
Organic
Exhaustion.
Russia
Tuberculosis.
New Jersey.
Wisconsin. .
Exhaustion.
Unknown. . .
Apoplexy.
Brain- tumor.
New York . .
Apoplexy.
General paralysis.
Michigan . . .
Tuberculosis.
Ohio
Tuberculosis.
New York . . Manic depressive . . . . Pernicious anemia.
Indiana . . . . Dementia praecox
Tuberculosis.
Michigan . . .
Tuberculosis.
New York . .
Apoplexy.
Ohio
....
Suicide.
New York . . Manic depressive
Enteritis.
Ohio
Sarcoma.
Finland . . . .
Tuberculosis.
Unknown. . .
General paralysis.
France
Tuberculosis.
New York . . C. 1. Neurasthenia
Erysipelas.
Mich
General paralysis.
New York . .
Arterio-sclerosis.
Germany. . . Dementia praecox
Tuberculosis.
Michigan . . .
Tuberculosis.
New York . . Manic depressive
Cardiac disease.
Germany. . . Dementia praecox
Tuberculosis.
Michigan . . . Epileptic
Tuberculosis.
Canada
Arterio-sclerosis.
Michigan . . .
Cancer.
New York. . Psychopathic state
Nephritis.
Unknown. . . Epileptic
Cardiac disease.
Michigan . . . Organic
Pneumonia.
Penn
Organic
Arterio-selerosis.
England . . . . Organic
New York . .
Germany . . . Organic
Belgium. . . .

,

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

38

TABLE O — Continued.
Sex.

Age.

Nativity.

Form cf mental disease.

85
50
79
42

Unknown. . .
Unknown. . .
New York . •
Canada
Michigan . . .
Michigan . . .

Organic .
Dementia praecox . . . . .
Organic
Dementia praecox
Epileptic
Manic depressive . . . . . .

Female
Female
Female
Female
Female

16
74
65
70
51

Michigan . . . Imbecility

Female
Female
Female

80
33
52
29
52

Female
Female

28
51

Female
Female
Female

66
58
34
37
46

Cause of death.
Arterio-sclerosis.
Tuberculosis.
Cardiac disease.
Pernicious anemia.
Tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis.
Cardiac disease.

Penn
Ohio

Manic depressive
Organic

Pneumonia.
Erysipelas.

Ohio

Dementia praecox

Tuberculosis.

Germany . . . Manic depressive . . . . . .
Michigan . - - C, 1. Neurasthenia. . . . .

Tuberculosis.
Pernicious anemia.

Michigan . . . Manic depressive

Exhaustion.

Norway . . . . Organic .

General paralysis.

Female
Female

46
49
69
55
38

New York . . Organic
New York. . Organic .
Dementia praecox
Ohio

Enteritis.
Arterio-sclerosis.
Septic infection.

Female
Female
Female
Female
Female

38
71
78
51
51

Michigan. . - Manic depressive

Tuberculosis.

Poland. . . . . Dementia praecox
Manic depressive
Ohio

Pernicious anemiaCardiac disease.

Female

73
47
31
68
69

Female
Female
Female

Female
Female
Female
Female
Female
Male

Pernicious anemia.

New York. . Organic

Erysipelas.

55
37
69
43
68

Ohio
Sweden. . . . Dementia praecox

Cancer.

34
70
60

Michigan . . - Imbecility

Feritonitus.

Sweden . . . . Imbecility

Nephritis.

New York. . Manic depressive

Cardiac disease.

Ohio
. ••
Unknown. . . Epileptic
England. . . . Organic .
Unknown. . . Organic

Cardiac disease.
Arteric -sclerosis.
Dysentery.

Sweden . . . . Organic
Manic depressive
Canada
Michigan . . . Imbecility

Exhaustion.
Tuberculosis.
Cardiac d'sease.

Canada . . . . Dementia praecox

Cardiac disease.

Male
Male
Male
Male
Male

40

Male
Male
Male
Male
Male

36
83
80
. . . . 35
82

Male
Male
Male
Male

Ohio

54

68
31
82

78
61

Male
Male
Male
Male
Male

. . . . 50
61
37
31
58

Male
Male
Male
Male

64
69
55
48

Ohio

Michigan . . . Organic

Apoplexy.

Dementia praecox
Penn
Michigan . . . Organic

Enteritis.
General paralysis.

NORTHERN MICHIGAN

ASYLUM.

39

TABLE O — Continued.
Sex.

Age

71

Male

34

Male
Male
Male
Male
Male

Enteritis.
Cancer.

35
94
79
32

Michigan... . . Dementia praecox

Enteritis.

Unknown.. . Imbecility

Nephritis. .

54

N Y
N Y

67

. . . . 64

61
. . . . 53
42

Male
Male
Male
Male
Male

26
74
79

Male
Male
Male
Male

Organic

Ohio

17
41
90
59

Male
Male
Male

Cause of death.

78
66

Male
Male
Male . . . . . . .
Male
....
Male

Male

Form of mental disease.

69

Male
Male

Male
Male
Male
Male
Male

Nativity.

Michigan. . . . Epileptic
Michigan . . . Manic depressive
Organic
Penn

Status epilepticus.
Tuberculosis.
Arterio-sclerosis.

57

Arterio-sclerosis.

41

51

31
60

68
43
19

69
75
53

34
52

Male
Male
Male
Male
Male

38
. . . . 69

Male
Male
Male
Male
Male

64
39
48
60
64

Male
Male
Male
Male
Male

20

Male
Male
Male
Male
Male

85

62
55
19

61
47
76
73
55
72
52

N Y . . .

Ohio
Ohio

Dementia praecox. . . . . Nephritis.

Sweden. . . . Dementia praecox

Dysentery.
Tuberculosis.
Arterio-sclerosis.

Finand

Manic depressive

Tuberculosis.
Cardiac disease.
Arterio-sclerosis.

Penn

Organic

Cardiac disease.

Ohio

Organic

Arterio-sclerosis.

Organic
Canada
Virginia. . . . Dementia praecox
Poland
Dementia praecox
Ohio

General paralysis.
Pernicious anemia.
Cancer.

Male
Male
Male
Male
Male

78
32
73

62
65

Ohio
Ohio

Male
Male
Male
Male
Male

35

Epileptic
Unknown.. . Dementia praecox

Apoplexy.

Ireland

Arterio-sclerosis.

66
63
65
36

Dementia praecox

Tuberculosis.

Organic .

Apoplexy.

Organic

, •

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

40

TABLE O—Continued.
Sex.

Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male

Age.
34
. . . . 74
60
26
70
46
53
52
35

Nativity.

Form of mental disease.

Cause of death.

Michigan . . . Kpileptic

Epileptic seizure.

Germany. . . Dementia praecox

Cardiac disease.

Michigan . . . Organic

General paralysis.

57

Male
Male
Male
Male
Male

82
20
25
50
36

Male
Male
Male
Male
Male

73
77
55

73
. . . . 44

Male
Male
Male
Male
Male

59
48
53
84
57

Ohio

Male
Male

. . . 59

65

Ohio

Male
Male

62
28
78

Male
Male
Male
Male
Male

73
50
60
43
. . . . 70

Male
Male
Male
Male
Male

61
27

50
71
39

Male
Male
Male.
Male
Male

68
70
55
72
. . . 59

Male
Male
Male
Male
Male

32
80
75
45
. . 60

Male
Male
Male
Male

81
87
16
69
67

Male '
Male
Male
Male

76
84
71
76
71

Enteritis
Illinois

Dementia praecox

Apoplexy.

/

Ohio

Unknown.. . Dementia praecox

Cancer.

Holland . . . .

Rheumatism (Acute articular).

New York . .

Cardiac disease.
Cardiac disease.

Cardiac disease.

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.
TABLE O — Concluded.
Sex.

Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male

Age.
72
81
47
39
75
62
61
64
31
83
39

Nativity.

Form of mental disease.

Cause of death.

Canada . . . Organic

Cardiac disease.

Poland

Arterio-sclerosis.

Ohio

Cardiac disease.

Male
Male
Male
Male
Male

72
68
88

70
71

Indiana . . . . Organic

Arterio-sclerosis.

Male
Male
Male
Male
Male

31
70
25
79
69

Michigan . . . Epileptic

Status epilepticus.

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

42

SUMMARY.
Males.

Females.

7
20
19
24
10
2
8
3
9
1

Arteriosclerosis
Enteritis

38
2
9
2
1
2
1
4
6

3
8
27
10
6
8
3
5
1
9
4
1
3

1

171

10
28
46
34
16
2
16
7
12
6
1
47
2
13
1
2
1
5
1
1

6
1
1
2
1

10
1
1
8
1
1
1
1

104

275

1
1
1

Xotal

Total.

One hundred fifty-four of the patients who died were over 55 years
old, 25 were between 80 and 90, and 4 were over 90. The deaths from
tuberculosis were 16.7 per cent of the deaths from all causes, about 5 per
cent less than during the former period. The greatest spread of tuberculosis occurred among male patients, as isolation of cases could not be
so thoroughly carried out. Arrangements have now been made to convert
Cottage 32 into a tuberculosis hospital where all men suffering from this
disease will be treated.
The following table showing the forms of mental disease is no longer
in use, but is inserted to show the classification of the cases up to June
30, 1906, since which time a modification of the well known classification of Kraepelin has been in use in all the asylums of Michigan.

TUBERCULOSIS HOSPITAL.

COTTAGE 21.

COTTAGE 29.

o
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43

TABLE II.—Showing the forms of insanity of patients admitted.
For the biennial period.

Males. Females .

4
5
13

Organic brain disease (definite structural changes) .

Paranoia

.

(2) Arterio-sclerotic brain disease
® Pi^hl1^ °f brai.n; v :
j

&
lassic .V"? v
(2) £
Paranoid
state
I (3) Mixed state

Arrested mental development

{ ft) ^bmility

. .

"T

From the beginning.

Total.

4
6
13

Males. Females . Total.

7
14
24
1
5

' i

7
15
24
1
6

5
1
13
2
14
18
30

9
2
65
8
37
77
127
80
1-10
66
11
56
137
67
28
17
33
3

1

3

i

4

2

2

4

27
3
15
25
67

6
2
5
13
15

33
5
20
38
82

4
1
52
6
23
59
97

25
48
5
4
7
20
10
7
3
15
1

9
24
20
3
27
39
34
6
5
7
1

34
72
25
7
34
59
44
13
8
22
2

65
78
15
7
17
44
20
9
7
19
2

15
32
51
4
39
93
47
19
10
14
1

4

4

4

4

26

18

44

45

36

81

3

4

7

5

10

15

1

1

1

2

Total

338

247

585

628

3
1

1

462

1,090

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

45

The above table shows that over 30 per cent of the number admitted
were suffering from organic diseases, 22.3 per cent were suffering from
dementia praecox, 7 per cent from paranoia and paranoid states, 7.5 per
cent from epilepsy, 20 per cent from manic depressive insanity, and 4
per cent from alcoholic insanity.
The period just closed has not been marked by any great advances
in methods of care or in the use of remedies in the treatment of patients,
but every effort has been made to maintain the institution at its highest
efficiency as a hospital and an asylum for its mentally afflicted inmates.
Perhaps the application of the so-called Wassermann's Test in the diagnosis of luetic diseases has been one of the most important medical advances of the period. This reaction is of far reaching value in our
medical work, since general paralysis, with its severe effects on mentality, and its fatal termination, is unquestionably of specific origin,
and it is hoped that by means of early and sure diagnosis, an arrest of
the disease, if not permanent cure may be had in many of the cases. A
modification of the Wassermann test, or the socalled Licithin test, has
been used in many cases, and has been quite certain in its results.
Another method of diagnosis that is being applied is that of lumbar
puncture. This test is a very positive one, but owing to the dread that
many patients have for the slightest operation, it cannot be so readily
applied to all individuals.
The relations of the asylum with the psychopathic ward at Ann Arbor
have been more practical and have stimulated a higher scientific interest in our work. During the last two years a great deal of clinical laboratory work has been done, which includes 470 urinalyses. Of these
470 examinations, nephritis was found 86 times, glycosuria 12 times,
pyur'ia 57 times, diazo 2 times, and bile 3 times.
One hundred fifteen blood examinations were made, out of which
pernicious anaemia was found in 5, secondary anemia 35, lymphatic
leukaemia 1, splenomyelogenous leukaemia 1, surgical leukocytosis 9,
other leukocytosis 25, and polycythemia 1. There were 10 Widal tests
made, of which 2, were positive and 8 negative. Of the 59 sputum examinations, tubercle bacillus was found in 11, and pneumococcus in 7.
There were 35 postmortems made during the period. Some of the
most important conditions found in these examinations were: (1)
Sarcoma. (2) Syphilis (congenital). (3) Syphilitic endarteritis. (4)
Pulmonary tuberculosis. (5) Papilloma of larynx. (6) Papilloma of
bladder. (7) Diphtheritic colitis. (8) Sclerosis of the bundle of His'.
(9) Peritonitis. (10) Myocarditis. (11) Valvular Heart Disease. (12)
Apoplexy. (13) Nephritis. (14) Septicaemia. (15) Carcinoma. (16)
Pneumonia. (17) Cholelithiasis. (18) Enteritis, etc.
Besides the pathological examinations connected with the autopsies,
the following were made:
(1) Carcinoma of gall bladder. (2) Tuberculous glands. (3) Cervical caruncle. (4) Sarcoma of lymph gland. (5) Carcinoma of breast.
(6) Myoma of leg. (7) Carcinoma of uterus. (8) Appendicitis. (9)
Carcinoma from the eye of a cow. (11) Lipofibroma of breast.
Many bacteriological examinations other than sputum were made, of
which the most important findings were: Gonococcus 5, streptococcus 1,
staphylococcus 1, pneumococcus 2, anthrax bacillus 1, actinomycosis
(cow) 1, diplococcus (unknown) 1, treponema pallidum 1, and tubercle
bacillus 2.

46

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

There were 98 tuberculin tests made, of which 16 were positive, 66
negative, and 16 were regarded as suspicious.
There were 48 blood pressure tests made, in which hypertension was
found in 19 and hypotension in 2.
Staphylococcus vaccine and streptococcus vaccine were prepared in
the laboratory, and used in several cases of acne, furunculosis and prostatitis, with excellent results.
During the past two years the following surgical operations were performed :
Operation:
Number of cases:
Appendectomy
5
Amputation of toe
,
3
Amputation of
finger
2
Amputation of breast
,
6
Cellulitis
6
Circumcision
10
Cervical Caruncle
1
Extirpation of Cervical Lymph Node
10
Extirpation of Cartilaginous Tumors
1
Fibroma of Leg
•.
1
Fibroma of Arm
1
Fracture (Colles)
4
Fracture (Clavicle)
1
Fracture (Hip)
2
Fracture (Jaw)
1
Fracture (Ribs)
2
Fracture (Ulna)
1
Hemorrhoids
2
Herniotomy
3
Laparotomy for Cancer of Pylorous
1
Laparotomy for Tuberculous Peritonitis
1
Paracentesis Abdominis
2
Paracentesis Thoracis
4
Prolapse of Rectum
1
Radical Mastoid
Thyroidectomy
6
Tonsillotomy
12
Uterine Curettage
Varicose Veins
2
During the period there were four obstetrical cases and fifty-one gynecological examinations.
The work of the training school continues to be carried on with enthusiasm. It has grown in usefulness, and the number of applications
for entrance into the school are increasing in number from year to year.
As explained in your report our graduate nurses are in great demand,
and we are not able to retain many of them in our service, but yet the
carrying on of the school creates an "esprit" among the nursing force
which is of importance to the patients.
From the above it may be seen that the laboratory work has been of
increasing value in the diagnosis and treatment of diseased mental

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

47

states. More recently it lias been decided to make differential blood
counts, and take blood pressure tests in every case. Research work along
psychologic, pathologic, chemical and clinical lines, has steadily developed, and we b-elieve that the institution has progressed instead of standing still.
It is a pleasure for me to say that you have, individually and as a
Board, been in entire sympathy with the scientific side of the hospital
work, and it has been through this appreciation of its value on your
part as a Board, that much of it has been made possible.
As stated in your report, the following tables were agreed upon by
the superintendents of all the asylums of Michigan, for presenting the
statistical data of the asylums. It is hoped that this plan will secure
uniformity for purposes of comparison, and that it may be possible from
this time to aggregate all of the statistical data relating to the insane
in the state of Michigan. The tables, however, without elaboration,
would be lacking in some special features. Therefore, it was further
agreed to present a brief analysis of the forms of mental disease of the
patients admitted during the period; for example: Each group of the
insanities; the number'admitted, men and women; the percentage of
each sex to total admissions; phases or clinical varieties of each group;
number of attacks, age of attacks; etiology, etc.
THE MANIC DEPRESSIVE GROUP.

One hundred fifteen patients out of 585 admissions to the hospital during the period were diagnosed as cases of manic depressive insanity.
Women.

Men.
No.

Per cent.

338
37

No.

Per cent.

No.

31.9

585
116

247

10.9

79

Total.
Per cent.

19.8

Ten and nine-tenths per cent of the men, and 31.9 per cent of the
women admitted, were cases of manic depressive insanity. 19.8 per cent
of all the patients admitted were cases of this disease. These statistics
show that two-thirds of the cases of manic depressive insanity were
women. This great preponderance of women might seem accidental if
it did not agree with the observations of others, (Eitto, Pilez, BarrettPilcz, Christian-Noble).
The relation of the different phases among the cases of this disease
admitted, were:

48

STATE OF MICHIGAN.
Men.
No.

Manic

20

Depressive. . .
Mixed. .

10

Women.

Per cent.

7

54
27
18.9

Total.

No.

Per cent.

39

49.3

59

50.8

34

43

44

37.9

13

11.4

7.6

6

No.

Per cent.

From this table it may be seen that 54 per cent of the men and 49.3
per cent of the women belonging in this group were manic; and 27 per
cent of the men and 43 per cent of the women were depressive. Of the
mixed cases 18.9 per cent of the men and 7.6 per cent of the women were
of this form of the disease. Among both sexes 50.8 per cent were manic,
37.9 per cent depressive; and 11.4 mixed cases of this form of the disease. This table shows that the manic was twice as frequent as the depressed form in men, and more frequent than the same form in-women.
Over 50 per cent of the patients of this group were manic. This seems
to be at variance with some authoritative statistics which show the depressive form as being most frequent.
ATTACKS.

The relations of the attacks is shown in the following three tables:
Women.

Men.

Total.

More than 1 attack

26

45

71

First attack

11

34

45

The phase of the previous attack was:
Men.

Women.

Total.

Manic

16

23

Depressive

11

41

39
52

Mixed

8

12

20

Unknown

2

3

5

In all cases of manic depressive insanity admitted, the first attack was:
Men.
Manic

Women.

Total.

21

21

42

Depressive

9

41

50

Mixed.

5

12

17

Unknown

2

5

7

COTTAGE 23.

COTTAGE 25.

HOSPITAL.

.

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H-OOO.-H'WfrM^WW-aN

NOoo-»-wc»*.o,-ao=<ow

H-OOOOK-tC^t-l-bObOOO

~0~0-*.- CO (0 0=00*0, ~

*, = >-<= l - O O C O - J W « £ o > 0,-

OOOO^COCT^^^^OO

000=000~~M00~0

00001-00.- CO* ~tO 1-0

OH-iOOCO^- W C O t O H ^ totol-*!-*

ooo^w^a-^o-co-a^^

O^O^OCOffi-J-JO^CD^to

O O O t O > —' C O O C O l - i O O O O O

O^OMOT^O-J^-CICOMWO

OO^OC.OtOCH-^^H-c.0

OOOOOtOOt-'NS'-'OOOO

NVOIHOIM

Males.
Females.
Total.
Males.
Females.
Total.
Males.
Females.
Total.
Males.
Females.
Total.
Males.
Females.
Total.
Males.
Females.
Total.

S,
o*

0

3

a
1

i?
3

o
~'

>i"
O-

-

1

e

1
»
5'
?

50

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

Of the 59 cases of the manic phase it may be found that the first attack occurred in 55 per cent before the 30th year. Of the 56 cases of
the depressive phase 40 per cent occurred before the 30th year. The
ages between 15 and 20, and 40 and 55 seem to be the periods of the
greatest incidence of the disease. The disease is rare in children under
10 years, and in the age of 70 years and over.
HEREDITY.

Total.

I

d
<A
&

Female.

9

Brothers
and
sisters.

•3

7

11

18

34

52

4

4

4

3

3
26
12

3
37
20

"3
"o
H

S

Female.

s

Collateral.

Female.

0)

13

Atavistic.

Female.

Direct.

Female.

In 59 out of the 116 cases belonging to this group of insanity, hereditary pre-disposition was present. In 37 heredity was denied, and in
20 it was unknown. Heredity was present in 61.4 per cent of the cases
in which this etiologic factor could be determined. Therefore, it becomes the most important etiologic factor. Kraepelin noted 80 per cent
of heredity in the cases at the Munich-Clinic, and other observers have
found from 40 to 75 per cent. Doubtless, if accurate information could
have been gained in regard to this point in all of our cases, a larger percentage of heredity would have been- found. Very few patients have
any knowledge of their ancestry beyond their parentage.
The following table shows the nature and distribution of heredity in
this group of the disease:

'S
1
|
a

19

28

2

4

6

4
3

JD

3

4

a
"ca
|
^H

7

s
4

11
8

r«3

I

Other hereditary factors were found in 6 men and 13 women.
The results of tieatment.

Recovered

Died

21 32
1 5

5

3
2

7
10

1

10
12

4

<3
^
^

12

17

5

5

4

5

13

17

3
2

4

2

11

1

•3
•£
H
3

13

£rf

S

Total.

E-i

Total.
Female.

3
"o

Mixed.
Female.

"3
|
1

4

11

..

Depressive.
Female.

si
cS
%

Female.

Manic.

19
6

37

56

7

13

4

11

8

24

15
32

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

51

Of the 37 men admitted during the period suffering from manic depressive insanity, 51.3 per cent were discharged recovered, 16.2 per cent
improved, 10.8 per cent died, and 21.3 per cent remain in the hospital.
Of the 79 women admitted during the period 47 per cent were discharged
recovered, 8.8 per cent improved, 13.9 per cent died, and 30.3 per cent
remain under treatment. Of the 116 cases of manic depressive insanity
admitted, 48.2 per cent were discharged recovered, 11.2 per cent improved, 12.9 per cent died, and 27.5 per cent remain under treatment.
Duration of treatment.
Duration of treatment of those discharged.

3

12
1
5

13
1
8

3

11
2

2

Reo.
Imp.
Died .

5
2

6

Rec.
Imp.
Died.

4

4
1

2

8
3

Rec.
Died.

3 years and over

Rec.
Died.

1

1

"rf

§

4

7

3

3

2
4
1

4
4
2

3
1
2

3
1
2

1

1

OJ

a

' i

Total.
Female.

7 to 12 months

1

"3
1

Female.

1 to 90 days .

Rec.
Imp.
Died.

Female.

o>
1

Mixec

Depressive.

1

ii

1

2
1

5
1
3

17
1
8

22
2
11

i

2

3

8
2
1

10
4
1

18
6
2

2

1
1

3
1

6
2

8
3
2

14
5
2

1

1

Q
a^
|

Female.

Manic.

"3
1

®rf

"rt

^

1

1

Of the 84 patients discharged 21.1 per cent recovered within 3 months;
21.4 per cent recovered within 6 months; 16.6 per cent within 1 year, and
1.2 per cent within 2 years.
Of the 84 patients ^2.3 per cent were discharged improved within 3
months; 7.1 per cent within 6 months; 6 per cent within 1 year, and 1.2
per cent within 4 years.
Of the 15 patients who died, 73.3 per cent died within 3 months; 2.3
per cent within 6 months, and 2.3 per cent within 1 year.
The fact that 12.9 per cent of this group of patients died plainly indicates its gravity.

52

STATE OP MICHIGAN.
ETIOLOGY.

Apart from heredity, no particular predisposing cause of the disease
was noted. Neither does there seem to be any especial cause or causes
which may be regarded as the exciting factors in the disease. In many
instances a condition of ill health seemed to precede; in others there
had been typhoid fever or other infections. The puerperal state was the
assigned cause in some, and worry and mental depression preceeded the
attack in some instances. It is quite worthy of note that there were only
3 alcoholics out of the 116 cases, and morphinism was only found in 2.
It was doubtful whether these drugs had much to do with the development of the mental disease.
(
PRECURSORY SYMPTOMS.

The manic depressive insanity is preceded in many of the cases by a
change in psychic activity, sometimes amounting to true depression, in
others to an exaltation or hyper-activity of the mental reactions. In at
least half of our cases the outbreak was comparatively sudden, oftentimes without any premonitory warning. Among the precursory symptoms were found: fear of insanity; gloomy, morose, irritable moods;
brooding over imaginary trouble; suicidal ideas; homicidal ideas; delusions of various kinds; jealousy; tendency to drink; listlessness; suspiciousness; loss of sleep; agitated and depressed moods; belief that
something was to happen; the expression of great business schemes; a
feeling of incapacity to do or to act; religious feelings and emotions;
various emotional states, both depressed and elated; idea that the world
is coming to an end; dissatisfaction with surroundings; belief in being
doped; feeling of hypocrisy; a general change in condition and demeanor; oftentimes sensations of fatigue; vague ideas of persecution
and poisoning, and hypochondriacal fancies and headache were among
the most frequent. After a few hours, a few days, or a few weeks, the
attack of the frank disease followed. Sometimes it was noted that a
sudden improvement took place in the precursory symptoms. The patient
became pleasant and active again, but very soon after he would
become talkative, discursive, or depressed, as the case might be, and the
disease fully established.
PERSONAL HISTORY.

Of the 116 cases nothing was known of the period of childhood in 30.
This leaves 86 patients in whom a fair knowledge of early life was
gained. The mental development was rapid in 19; average in 42, and
slow in 10. The bodily development was rapid in 29; slow in 10, and
normal in 45. 3 men and two women were said to have practiced masturbation in youth; 3 men drank to excess; 2 women were morphine
habitues; and one man indulged in sexual excesses. So far as school
life was concerned there was nothing noted worthy of further elaboration.
This study has been of interest from the fact of so large hereditary
predisposition, and so few deviations from the normal mental standard.
Exhausting diseases, such as typhoid and pneumonia, had been suffered
by a few patients, while exanthema had been very common during child-

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

53

hood. Injuries of any kind were rare, and the venereal diseases were
not frequent.
The general temperament and disposition of this group of insanities
was sociable in 41; peculiar in 1; solitary in 14; even in 20; erratic
in 12; nervous in 8; impulsive in 6; passionate in 9; morose in 7; ill
tempered in 2; selfish in 6; despondent in 2; untruthful in 1; and irritable in 23. Sometimes two or more of these temperamental peculiarities
were noted in the same person. A change in mood, hysterical and hypochondrical symptoms, and restlessness, were noted in a few instances.
Many of these patients were of religious temperament. 43 were said to
have been industrious, and many had been successful in business. 6
men were said to have been idle. No patient had been arrested or convicted of any crime previous to the development of mental disease. Many
of them had suffered from previous attacks of mental diseases, which is
shown in the table above.
HISTORY OF THE DISEASE.

General characteristics: There was noted in quite a number of patients, carelessness in dress, habits and appearance, and sometimes improper language and conduct had been indulged in. In some there was
motor restlessness, and tendency to violent and destructive acts, especially if any attempt was made to control or correct the individual.
On the other hand, uncleanliness of person was always associated with
profound mental and motor disturbance. Sleep, as a rule, was insufficient, as may be seen from the following table.
Sleep.
Manic.

-

Women.

Men.
2
0
4
3
4
1
0

7 hours

Depressive.

5
1

8
7
4
5
2
1
2
5
4
1

Men.

Mixed.

Women.

1

7
3
6
4
3

1
1
5
1
1

3
3
3
0
2

Women.

Men

1

1
3
2

1

2
1

1
1

The mental changes were most frequently marked by restlessness, suspiciousness, irritability, feeling of sadness or apprehension, excited and
hilarious mood, great facility of expression, with exalted ideas of business ability, religious feelings and feelings of sinfulness, of loss of property, of friends, the insistent idea that the world is coming to an end,

54

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

impulses to wander from place to place, loquaciousness, violent outbursts,
sometimes cruelties, delusional and hallucinatory ideas, singly or combined in many ways.
About one-third of the patients had hallucinations of sight, and those
of hearing were almost as frequent. Hallucinations and delusions of
taste, touch and smell were not so frequent, being noted in 7, 8 and 10
patients respectively. Kinaesthetic hallucinations were noted in 5 cases
and hallucinations of the coenaesthetic sense in 2 patients.
The bodily health was good in all but 9 of the patients, and vasomotor
disturbances were observed in 20 women and 3 men. The handwriting
was good in 56; poor in 24; tremulous in 14; and fantastic in 12. In
10 patients their mental condition precluded any attempt at writing.
The lungs and kidneys were normal in all of the cases, and only one
patient suffered from organic disease (mitral insufficiency). Disease of
the arteries, sclerosis, was found in 9 cases. The veins were varicose in
one case.
Pulse: The pulse was not much disturbed in mild cases, but in the
more severe, was greatly increased in frequency. The following table
will show the pulse rate at the time of admission in 85 cases.
Pulse rate.
60 .
62
64
66
68
70
71
72
74
76
78

No of cases.
1
1
1
1
16
1
2
2
6
5

Pulse rate.
79
80
82 '
84
85
86
88
89
90
94
95

No. of cases.

. .

1
14
1
4

2
3
3
2
3
1
1

Pulse rate.
96
98
100
104
108

no

114

116
124
140
171

....

No of cases.
2
1
2
1
3
2

1

1

1

2

1

A high pulse rate is always a danger signal, and every means must
be employed to combat the oncoming exhaustion which it presages.
Gynecology: Of the 79 women patients in the manic depressive group
uterine displacement was found in 2, perineal laceration in 5, and laceration of the cervix in 2. Menstrual difficulties were frequent.
Urine: No serious abnormal conditions were found in the urine. Indican was almost invariably present. The phosphates and urates were
often in excess, and oxalate was found in 2 instances. The Indicanuria
was not always, but quite generally, associated with chronic constipation.
Nervous system: About 31 per cent of the patients expressed a feeling of being well. 32.2 per cent a feeling of exhaustion, and about 1 per
cent a feeling of confusion. In many cases the feeling of health was
normal, or could not be satisfactorily determined on account of the
mental condition of the patients. Among the disorders of general sensation headache was most frequent. It was present in 34.4 per cent,
either as a precursory symptom or a symptom of the fully developed
mental derangement. Vertigo was complained of in 16.3 per cent, and
other aches and pains, including tenderness of the scalp, in about 10
per cent of the persons composing this group.
Eyes: The expression of the eyes was said to have been animated in

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

,

55

10, dull in 14, restless in 4, distressed in 6. In the depressive form, the
expression of the eyes seems to have been more in harmony with the
mental mood than in the manic form. Defects of vision were not discovered. Hallucinations will be referred to under that caption.
Ears: No marked malformations of the ears were noted. 4 patients
were partially deaf, and in one tinnitus was among the early symptoms
of insanity. Delusions and hallucinations will be considered later.
Taste and smell: With the tests used, taste was found to be defective
in 24 per cent and smell in 34 per cent. Many of the patients 'could not
be accurately tested owing to their mental state.
Cutaneous sensibility: In 10 patients no derangement of cutaneous
sensibility was discovered. In one, tactile sense was absent. In 3,
cutaneous sensation was lessened, and in one patient there was dermographia.
The reflexes: In the manic phase the reflexes were exaggerated in
6, diminished in 4, and absent in 1. Neither ankle clonus or Babinski
occurred. In the depressive phase the reflexes were exaggerated in 9,
or 15 per cent, and diminished in 7, or about 11 per cent. Ankle
clonus and the Babinski reflex were not found.
The gait: The gait was normal in all the patients but 1. The gait
seemed to be weakened in several of the depressive cases, and in the
delirious manics.
Dreams: Dreams which related to self were observed in 3 instances,
of recent events in 1, vivid in 2, exhausting in 4. One patient had been
somnambulistic, and 2 men and 2 women suffered terrifying dreams.
Romberg symptom: The Romberg symptom was noted in 19 cases;
in each case there was a slight increase or exaggeration of swaying.
Speech: Articulation was normal in every case.
Consciousness: In the manic phase consciousness was clear in 53 per
cent of the men and in 48 per cent of the women. It was clouded in
47 per cent of the men and 52 per cent of the women of the depressive
phase.
Orientation: Orientation for time, was imperfect or lost in 38 per
cent, for place in 32 per cent, and for person in 31 per cent of the 116
patients in the manic depressive group.
School knowledge: School knowledge was found to be imperfect in
34.5 per cent, and retained in 35 per cent. In the remainder the mental
condition would not permit of accurate examination. Test problems were
solved in only 161/2 per cent, partially solved in 24% per cent, and unsolved in over 59 per cent. In every case, in judging of the modifications
in school knowledge, early education and social advantages had to be
taken into consideration.
Association of ideas: Various derangements of the association of
ideas were noted from practically normal to complete incoherency in all
the mental processes. Disorders of self-consciousness frequently occurred
among the early symptoms. With the idea that the mind is gone, or that
the body is gone or changed in form, the association with the past is lost,
and the present personality appears foreign to the former, or the selfconsciousness disappears so completely that the delusion develops that
nothing exists or that the person of the patient no longer exists. In 53
out of the 59 manics the association of ideas was heightened. In about
10 per cent certain ideas predominated, around which the mental associations pivoted, as is seen in true symptom conplexes. The faculty of

56

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

attention was disordered in about 50 per cent, and was concentrated on
delusions in 10 per cent, and on hallucinations in 3. 9 per cent of the
patients. Distractibility was noted in 42 per cent, the internal associations were disturbed in 17 per cent, and the external in 22 per cent
of the manics. More or less pronounced flight of ideas was observed in
20 per cent. In 44 depressive cases, retardation of the association
of ideas was observed in 63 per cent. Insistent ideas dominated the associations ^n 24 per cent, (e. g. the principal feeling of judgment is
often times that everything that has been said is meant for the patient),
and in about 12 per cent the associations were concentrated on delusions,
(e. g. revolved around the predominating idea of sin and humiliation),
or on hallucinations 6 per cent, (e. g. the voice of Christ, of God, etc.).
The faculty of attention was often weakened, and the ability to follow
was lost or impaired. Distractibility was only observed in 2 of the
depressive cases. The internal associations were impaired or lost in 8
per cent, the external associations only in about 2 per cent. Flight
of ideas was not observed in the depressive cases.
Emotional states: There was very frequently dulling of the finer sensibilities with diminished affect. The emotions were exalted in 60 per
cent of the manic and were diminished in 93 per cent of the depressives.
Increased excitability was marked as such in 3 patients, but the observation on this point was largely included in the record "depressed."
There was very frequently great anxiety and apprehensiveness, while
in the manics euphoria was very common, although sudden outbursts of
anger were not uncommon. It need scarcely be said that the emotional
reactions called depressed, referred to almost endless forms of mental
associations.
The will: The will impulses were increased in 30 per cent and diminished in 16 per cent. Pressure of activity was present in about 50 per
cent of the manics, mannerisms were found in 3 per cent, motor excitement was a common symptom. There was often noticed increased influencibility of the will, and sometimes, but not often, there seemed to
be compulsive ideas. The will impulses were found increased in 10 per
cent of the depressives, diminished in 61 per cent, and absent in 1 per
cent. Pressure of activity was noted in one depressive, and negativism
in one. Delusions of a painful character were noted in about 20 per
cent.
Social relations: 13 of the manics were untidy, 22 were disturbing,
8 were aggressive, 5 were violent, and 7 were destructive. Only 2 of the
depressives were untidy, and 3 disturbing.
THE MIXED FORMS.

The mixed form of manic depressive insanity, as the term signifies, is
a peculiar combination on quite rapid alternations of the manic and
depressive phases of the disease. The group will not be further considered in this report.

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

57

ALCOHOLIC INSANITY.

In this group 22 men and one woman were placed, representing 3.9
per cent of the cases admitted during the biennial period.
Men.
No.

338
22

Women.

Per cent.

6.5

No.

Total.

Per cent.

247
1

No.

Per cent.

585
.4

23

3.9

These 22 men constituted 6.5 per cent of the males admitted; the
females .4 per cent of the females received.
The 23 cases were placed as follows:

5
13

22.7

1

100

59.1

6
13

26.1
56.5

Age at time of admission.
Women.

Men.

30 to
35 to
40 to
45 to
50 to

34
39
44
49
54

55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 69

Total.

2

2

4
8
2
3
1
1
1

4
8
3
3
1
1
1

1

COTTAGE 32.

COTTAGE 24.

COTTAGE 28.

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

58

*3
O

&
C8

a

•3
g

Brothers
and
sisters.

_OJ
c3

g

"3
^c3
1

Total.

3*o

-2

c3
)*3

H

Female.

"e3
H

Collateral.

Female.

Atavistic.

Female.

JS

1

Female.

Direct.

Female.

In only 6 cases were there positive hereditary factors. Nine cases
had no hereditary taint. The remainder is classed under the heading
unknown.

^

2

2

2

'cS

§

4

4

2

2

9
7

1

9
8

Results of tieatment.
Female.

Male.
7

Unimproved
Died

1

Total.

s

7

7

2

2

6

6

MORPHINISM.

This group includes but four patients, three males and one female.
The three males represent but two individuals. One male, a physician
aged 61, who had been addicted to the drug for many years. On
the two occasions when admitted he had become alarmed at his own
state, and requested treatment. His collateral relations had suffered
from insanity. Each time, following a few weeks' treatment he has recovered. The other male, paternal grandfather insane, became addicted
to morphine during illness. After remaining about six weeks lie eloped.
The female was the daughter of a physician and acquired the habit from
some nurses in the father's hospital. Her mother was decidedly hysterical. After being twice under treatment, she went away much improved.
INFECTION AND EXHAUSTION PSYCHOSES.

There were admitted two men and two> women who1 were placed in this
group:—one male, aged 48, clear heredity. After an attack of diphtheria
which was treated by antitoxin, he became mildly delirious. He had
chronic nephritis and died about six months after coming to the institu-

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

tion. The other male, aged 27, clear family history, bartender. Following typhoid fever he became very unclear mentally could not recognize
relatives. He improved some in the institution but retentive memory continued much impaired. He went home on trial after three months, residence. Of the women, one, aged 20, following child birth, with much loss
of blood and likewise infection, became stuporous and at times mildly
delirious. She fully recovered after a residence of four months. The
other woman, aged 39, mother very nervous, patient always of nervous
temperament. Patient's child had pneumonia. Patient became ill with
chills and fever while caring for child. Immediately afterwards developed delirium varying in degree. She came to the institution on a
cot. For weeks she was in a state of dreamy confusion, with vivid
changeable hallucinations, clouded consciousness, completely disoriented.
Gradually recovered.
ORGANIC GROUP.

This group in all its forms, comprises 30 per cent of the admissions for
the biennial period.
Women.

Men.
No.

Per cent.

Per cent.

No.

338

247

137

41

40.5

Total.
No.

Per cent.

585
16.6

30.4

178

These 137 men constituted 40.5- per cent of the males admitted; the
41 women 16.6 per cent of the females received. The 178 cases were
placed as follows:
Women.

Men.

Other forms related to neurological changes.

Total.

No.

Per cent.

No.

Per cent.

No.

27

19.7

33

2.2

6
2

14.6

3

4.9

5

15

11

5

12.2

20

25

18.1

13

31.7

38

67

49

15

36 . 6

82

Per cent.

18.5
2.8
11.4
21.3
46

COTTAGE 34.

COTTAGE 36.

COTTAGE 30.

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

60

Age at time of admission.
Female.

Male.

Total.

2

0
3

35 to 39

7

2

9

40 to 44

6

4

10

45 to 49

9

50 to 54

7

6

55 to 59

9

4

13

60 to 64

21

1

22

65 to 69

22

7

29

70 to 74

20

6

26

28

4

32

25 to 29
30 to 34

2
9

13
13

Heredity.

16

2

1

"3
g

1

1

1

3

1

4

1
5

Female.

6

10

1

Brothers
and
sisters.

Collateral.

Female.

1

Female.

i

Atavistic.

Female.

Direct.

Total.

3 -3» ^5 .-aM
™
g

2

7

9

28

2

....

2

2

2

O
H

19

2
2

U)
&

.

3

2

2

2

1

3

54

14

68

6C

15

75

Results of treatment.

jj

j§

•a
^
5

Died

1

3

e

1

6

1

1

1

8

4 12
1 14

13

3
f£ 1

1
2

Forms related to
neurological.

1

i
i
3.

General
paralysis.

Total.

Senility.

3
£

I

4

1

1

2

3

2

2

2

1

3

2

2

4

7

4

11

5

5

6

4

10

32

4

36

51

12

63

9

16

7

23

30

9

39

66

22

88

jj
Ji
"
S [^

£

J
S

1

3

5

4

1
*=3
S

£

i
g

Females.

Brain
syphilis.

Females.

S3 1
1
I

Arteriosclerosis.

Females.

Brain
Tumor.

3
£

^

61

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.
DEMENTIA PEAECOX.

There were 131 patients placed in this group or 22.3 per cent of the
admissions.
Women.

Men.

No.

Per cent.

No.

338

Total.

Per cent.

Per cent.

585

247
23

78

No.

21

53

131

22.3

These 78 males represented 23 per cent of all men admitted; the 53
females 21 per cent of the women.
The following represents the types of dementia praecox.
Women.

Men.

Per cent.

No.

Per cent

9

16.9

34

25

24

45.3

72

54

37.7

25

19

No.

Per cent.

No.

25

62
61.5
6.4

20

48
5

Total.

Age at time of admission and at beginning of disease.
Age on admission.

Age at beginning.
Male.

Female.

Total.

Male.

Female.

Total.

15 to 19

13

6

19

5

4

9

20 to 24

19

15

34

20

9

29

15 to 29

13

16

29

13

14

27

30 to 34

15

7

22

18

11

30

12

4

16

12

7

19

40 to 44

3

2

5

2

3

5

45 to 49

1

1

1

2

3

3

2

5

3

1

4

35 to 39

....

50 to 54
55 to 59

1

1

2

1

2

3

Average age at beginning.
Male.

Katatonic

Female.

23 4

23 2

30 3

29

26 2

27 3

Hereditary Factors.
Direct.

Collateral.

Atavistic.

Brothers and sisters.
Total

Hebe.
ji

g 3
•^
Sp N H
4

1 5

Para.

i
a
g

jj
(AH

3

2

1

2

1

Hebe.

Kata,

3
H

11

I
^

S
9 -g £
& H 53
4

4

1

Para.

S
13

1

iS

Kata.

m

£

H S

"3
iS ti

1

1

71

5

g

1

6

Hebe.

s
-S H
S f£

Para.

Kata.

8*

98

8!

pS

g
13
1S

3
iS £

S

3

6

1

3
1
^
1 i

Si
£

1

1 1
1
1

3

Hebe.

2

g

3

<3

^

pS

Para.

Kata.

§3

|

OS

1

_JL)
S

3

I^
i
1

4

"c3

1

fa

S3
o
H

^ ^

1 2

27

1

17

44

3

3

2

3

5

36

19

55

9

20

1 1

H
11

O

S

Q

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

63

Results of treatment.

2

2

11

11

Died
12

8

21

0)

1

3
"o
H

8
6
1

4
2

12
8
1

33

18

51

1
%
1

2

4

13
"o

Female.

"3
"o
H

Total.

Katatonic.
Female.

Paranoid.
Female.

0)

I

Female.

Hebephrenic,

QJ

ss

frH

3
1

3
3
1

3
11

3
15

2

3
19
6
1

7
3
3
38

49

•a

1
5
26
9
4
87

PARANOIA AND PARANOID STATES.

In this group 11 men and 30 women were placed, representing 7 per
cent of the cases admitted.
Women.

Men.

Total.

t No.

Paranoia and paranoid states

Per cent.

No.

Per cent.

3.2

247
30

12.1

338
.11

No.

Per cent.

585
41

7

These 11 men constituted 3.2 per cent of the males admitted.
30 females 12.1 per cent of the women received.
The 41 cases were placed as follows:

- .

1^otal.

Women.

Men.
No.

Per cent.

4

36.3

7

63.7

No.

3
27

The

Per cent.

No.

10
90

7
34

Per cent.
17
83

64

STATE OF MICHIGAN.
Age at time of admission and beginning of disease.
Ages at beginning.
Male.

30 to
35 to
40 to
45 to

34
39
44
49

Female.

1

Male.

Total.

2
10
9

3
13
11
4
5

1

3
3
2

1

1

2

3
2
1

50 to 54
55 to 59

Ages on admission.

2

1

2
9
5
6
3
4
1

2
1
3
3
1

3

60 to 64
65 to 69

Total.

Female.

3
11
6
9
6
5
1

PARANOIA AND PARANOID STATES.
Heredity.

9

3

3

"o
EH

4

1

5

3

8
"3
H

"3
o
EH

a

<£

Females.

7

3
EH"o

Total.

Females.

2

S

Females.

Insanity

m
^H
"3

Brothers
and
sisters.

Collateral.

Males.

1

"o
EH

"cd

Females.

vi

Atavistic.

Females.

Direct.

4

4

6

12

"3
"o
EH
18

Apopelxy or paralysis. . .
3

3

None

2

9

11

Unascertained

3

6

9

NORTHERN MICHIGAN

ASYLUM.

65

Results of treatment.

1
1

0

H

1

1
2

"ca
E^H

10

9

9

11

2

1

1
23

7

19

1
2

1

5

3

18

"3
"o
H

2
1
1

3

Died

Females.

•3

Total.

Males.

&

Males.

cu

"rf

Females.

Paranoid states.

Females.

Paranoia.

3

<1
26

MELANCHOLIA.

There were admitted three men and five women who were placed in this
group, representing 1.3 per cent of thp admissions.
Men.
Per cent.

No.

Total admissions.

Women.
Per cent.

No.

338

Melancholia

Total.

247

3

.9

No.

Per cent.

585

5

2

8

1.3

Age at beginning of disease and on admission.
Age at beginning.
Males.

40 to 44
45 to
50 to
55 to
60 to

49
54
59
64

Females.
1
2

1
1
1
1
1

Age on admission.
Total.

Males.

2
1
3
1
1

Females.

1
2

Total.

1

2

2

4

1

1

1

1

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

66

Heredity.

3
PH

i

£

I

&

3
E2

.1

1

3
<S

J

1

i

1

Total.

Females.

$

i
g
a

Brothers
and
sisters.

Collateral.

Atavistic.

Females.

Direct.

3
tS

1

i

1 f£

1

2

2

4

1

3

4

Apoplexy or paralysis. . .
Psychopathic

Unknown
Results of treatment.

•'

Males.

Died

Females.

Total.

1

1

2

9

4

6

DEFECTIVE DEVELOPMENT.
IMBECILES AND IDIOTS.

In this group 16 men and 8 women were placed, representing 4.1 per
cent of the cases admitted during the biennial period.
Women.

Men.
No.

Per cent.

338
16

4.8

No.

247
8

Total.

Per cent.

No.

3.2

585
24

Per cent.

4.1

NORTHERN MICHIGAN

ASYLUM.

67

These 16 men constituted 4.8 per cent of the males admitted, the females 3.2 per cent of the women received.
The 24 cases were placed as follows:
Women.

Men.
No.

Per cent.

No.

93.8
6.2

7

15
1

Total.

Per cent.

No.

Per cent.

22

91.6

2

8.4

87.5
13.5

1

Age at time of admission.
Males.
10 to
15 to
20 to
25 to
30 to
35 to
40 to
45 to
50 to
55 to

Total.

1

14
19 ..
24
29 34
39
44
49
54
59

Females.

...
. --.

1

g

3

9

2

2

4

2

3

1

2

1

*

1

1
1

I

1

. - •

I

1

I

1

1

1

Heredity.
Direct.

of
03

X

3

OT

g

1

E-i

1
g

4

2

g

VI
OJ

"3

Collateral.

Atavistic.

g

Brothers
and
sisters.

Total.

of

5

^a

•3

"o
EH

1

(D

OJ
C6

3

s
1
2

r^

CH

cc

"o
H

"3

S

3

6

4

<|
1

10

1
1

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

1

5

4
5

5

68

STATE OF MICHIGAN.
Results of treatment.
Wemen.

Men.

Died

Women.

4

1

5

3

1

4

9

6

15

EPILEPSY.

In this group 26 men and 18 women were placed, representing 7.5 per
cent of the cases admitted during the period.
Women.

Men.

Total admissions.
Epileptics

Total.

No.

Per cent.

No.

Per cent.

No.

338
26

7.7

247
18

7.3

585
44

Per cent.

7.5

AGE AT TIME OF ADMISSION.

These 26 men constituted 7.7 per cent of the males admitted.
women 7.3 per cent of the females received.
Males.

Females.

The 18
Total.

10 to 14

1

1

2

15 to 19

7

1

20 to 24

6

3

8
9

1

1

30 to 34

2

3

5

35 to 39

2

4

6

1

1

3

7

25 to 29

40 to 44

1

1

45 to 49
50 to 54

. . ..

4

3

55 to 59

3

60 to 64
65 to 69

..

1

1

NORTHERN MICHIGAN

ASYLUM.

69

Heredity.
Direct.

<B

OT

c3

s

•3
£

Atavistic.

01

•

fl

2

2

1

1

3

1

Total.

ro

•

•

s 1

g

Brothers.
and
sisters.

Collateral.

a 1

£

73

DQ
|
1

1

2

4

•

(

W

•s
H

;

1
1

I

4

g

g

3

4

g

22

1
1

88

1

H

Apoplexy or paralysis . .
l

1

7

j

2

1
14

7
7

Results of treatment.
Women.

Men.

4
3
2

3
4

Died

Total.

3
16

7
7
5
25

9

PSYCHOPATHIC.

In this group are three men and four women representing 1.2 per
cent of the cases admitted during the biennial period.

No.

338
3

Total.

Women.

Men.

Per cent.

No.

Per cent.

.9

247
4

1.6

No.

Per cent.

585
7

1.2

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

70

Ages at time of admission.
Women.

Men.
25 to 29
30 to 34
35 to 39
40 to 44
45 to 49
50 to 54
55 to 59

.

. . .

2

Total.

I

1

2

-1
1

1

1

1

Heredity.
Direct.

•ii

•a

S
i

Atavistic.

•

CO

i

1 a
s
tn

!-H

^
H

Collateral.

is
^
g S

Brothers
and
sisters.

Total.

CO

to

WJ

H

t«

C3

3

O>

J£

^
^

§

a

1

to"

,!

am

r£

1

s

^_;
-S

H

1

2

3

1

1

2

1

1

2

Psychopathic .
Alcoholism
Unascertained..

,

Results of treatment.
Men.

Women.

3

Total.

3
1

1

3

3

Died

HYSTERICAL INSANITY.

There were four women placed in the hysterical group. One, aged 52,
married, had three children. Two paternal uncles were insane. Early
life uneventful. She had been irritable and subject to passionate outbreaks for a number of years. About eight years ago both ovaries were
removed. About nine years ago she had nervous prostration, was a bed
four years. The hysterical characteristics were those of hyperesthesia,

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

71

particularly over the abdomen, with contractures of the legs. Patient's
mental condition was free from any special involvement other than some
hallucinations of the temperature, muscular and coensthetic senses.
After remaining with us for about six months there was considerable
improvement, and she was able to be about the ward with less assistance.
The second case: Married, aged'31, one child, who died at the age
of 10 months. Father had epithelioma of the lip. Maternal grandmother
had tuberculosis. One brother excessive drinker. Patient's early life
was characterized by poor physical endurance, always of a nervous temperament, said to have had peculiar fainting spells for years. Sent to
the institution because of an attempt at suicide by the use of carbolic.
There was a slight scar on the lip as the result, but it was evident that
she had not taken a great quantity of the drug. The physical examination did not reveal any particular areas of anaesthesia or hyperesthesia,
but patient had peculiar attacks, fainting in character, which were not
characterized by loss of consciousness. She apparently recovered, and
left after being in the institution less than three weeks.
The third case: Single, aged 20. Father died of tuberculosis. On
the paternal side one cousin and one aunt were insane; maternal grandfather was a drinker of whiskey. Early life normal, at the age of 12
had a severe attack of typhoid characterized by delirium, following which
she was not well much of the time. Mental trouble came on gradually,
but the final outbreak was sudden; excited state, had illusions, all objects appeared distorted to her, thought people had four eyes. Patient
complained of numbness in the lower extremities, peculiar sensation of
cold, peculiar mottled vasomotor state. Her condition seemed to be one
of befogged state of hysteria. This state lasted but a short time, after
which she rapidly regained her normal condition and was discharged!
about a month after coming.
The fourth case: Aged 23, married, no children. Paternal grandmother died of paralysis, mother died of pneumonia, maternal grandfather for years was insane, maternal grandmother died of Bright's Disease. Early life uneventful, was healthy, unusually bright, but irritable
and hysterical temperament. Was once in a hysterical state for three
weeks. When she was 16 fainting spells began. At the age of 19 she was
married. Peculiar fainting spells continued after marriage. Married life
was not very satisfactory. She was not happy, and on two occasions she
took carbolic and followed it up with alcohol. On neither occasion was
there any damage done. Following one of the hysterical attacks she
manifested considerable anaesthesia over the left side of the body. Patient was in the institution about three weeks.
NOT INSANE.

One woman was received into the institution whose mental condition
did not appear to be such as to justify her remaining. She was 32 years
of age, no insanity in the family, married, two children dead. She had
been suffering for a couple of years with painful and cancerous condition, and was sent to the institution because of the care which she required. Before arrangements could be completed for her removal she
died.

72

STATE OF MICHIGAN.
TABLE III.—Showing the occurrence of hereditary factors in patients admitted.
For the biennial period ending June 30, 1910.

Total heredity

a 3
a & £

JJ
B
11

27

32

59

0

2

2

8

13

21

5

3

8

40

50

90

3 •a
sS s

13

24

21
1

S

3
£

jjj
1

I

24

45

17

25

42

0

1
1

0

11

13

24

22

Total.

Females.

8

•a

Brothers
and sisters.

Collateral.

Females.

$

Atavistic.

Females.

Direct.

24

46

26

17

1

43

a

&

3
£

76

94

170

1

2

3

8

14

22

5

3

8

"3

90 113

203

155

91

146

93

43

136

338:1 247 585

Total .

TABLE IV.—Showing the age of patients admitted.
Biennial period ending
June 30, 1910.
Males .

From 45 to 49 years

Total

Females.

Total.

1

1

15

8

23

34

21

55

21

26

47

30

30

60

32

32

64

29

30

59

20
26

24
21

44

31

20

51

26

7

33

47

18

14

32

23

7

30

33

6

39

338

247

5

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

73

TABLE V.—Showing civil condition of patients admitted.
Biennial period ending
June 30, 1910.
Civil conditions.
Males.
Single

Total

Females.

131
147
40
13

. . .

Total.

287
77
28

7

53
140
37
15
2

184

338

247

585

9

TABLE VI.—Showing the degree of education of patients admitted.
Biennial period ending
June 30, 1910.
Males.

Unascertained
Total

. . .

Females .

Total.

10

2

12

15

12

27

228

166

394

40
3

43

83

9

12

29

14

43

13

1

14

338

247

585

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

74

TABLE VII.—Showing the occupation of patients admitted.
Biennial period ending
June 30, 1910.
Occupation.
Males.
Professional:
Architects, cleTgymen, engineers, surveyors, journalists, lawyers,
musicians, physicians, and surgeons, teachers (school), etc.. . .
Clerical and official:
Bookkeepers, clerks, copyists, bankers, brokers, collecters,
auctioneers, agents, etc
Mercantile and trading:
Commercial travellers, merchants, pharmacists, peddlers, etc . .
Public entertainment:
Hotel and boarding-house keepers, saloon keepers, liquor dealers,
Personal service, police and military:
Barbers, hairdressers, janitors, sextons, policemen, watchmen,
detectives, soldiers, sailors, marines (U. S.), etc
Laboring and servant:
Manufacturing and mechanical industry:
Bakers, blacksmiths, butchers, cabinetmakers, carpenters,
cigarmakers, jewelers, printers, engineers, and firemen (not
locomotive), coopers, machinists, masons, millers, painters,
Agriculture, transportation and other outdoor:
Boatmen, draymen, hackmen, farmers, farm laborers, gardeners, florists, livery stable keepers, lumbermen, sailors,
fishermen, steam railroad employees, stock raisers, e t c . . . .

Total

Females.

Total.

20

7

27

9

4

13

9

8

17

7

2

9

4

1

5

78

101

179

34

25

59

162'

74

236

10

14

24

5

11

16

338

247

585.

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

75

TABLE VIII.—Showing the nativity of patients admitted.
Biennial period ending
June 30, 1910.
Nativity.
Males .
136
86
Total United States

.

45
4
3
2
16
4
5
1
2
4
1
1
4
8
0
Total Foreign born

Xotal

• •

Males.

Females .

Total.

121
62

. .
3
2

Holland

Females.

222

183

405

105

59

164

11

5

16

338

247

585

1
0
26
3
0
1
6
5
1
0
6
2
0
1
0
6
1

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

76

TABLE IX.—Showing the nativity of parents.
Biennial period ending
June 30, 1910.
Males.
Native born
Foreign bom
Native and foreign born
Unascertained

Females.

114
165

Total

Total.

30
29

99
35
25

202
264
65
54

338

247

585

TABLE X.—Showing the residence of patients admitted.
Biennial period ending
June 30, 1910.
County.
Males.
Antrim
Alcona
Alpena
Arenae
Benzie
Cheboygan
Charlevoix
Crawford
Clare
Emmet
Grand Traverse.
Glad win
Gratiot
losco
Isabella
Ionia
Kalamazoo
Kalkaska
Leelanau
Lake
Montmorency. . .
Manistee
Missaukee
Mason
Mecosta
Midland
Montcalm
Muskegon
Newaygo
Otsego
Oscoda
Ogemaw
Osceola
Oceana
Presque I s l e . . . .
Roscommon....
Wexford
Total..'....

Females.

15
9
16
3
20

2
9
20
24
0
5
10
25
0
14
4
16
16
1
2
5
3
1
20
7
8
20
11
25
16
6
3
2

25

1
5

18
17

4

20

2
5
18
0
2
3
2

33

1
10
28
42
4
34
6

21

34
1
4
1

4
13

2
13

2
14
19
2
0
2
5
11
8
4
0
5

338

247

2
13
11
1

Total.

28
11
21
28
13
39
35
8
3
4
7
24
19

5
2
18
585

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

77

TABLE XI.—Showing the form of insanity of patients discharged, and the results of
treatment.
For the biennial period ending June 30, 1910.

Forms of insanity.

Recovered.

1
1
&

3
£

Js'
S

2
3
2
0
2

1
0
0
0
0

3
3
2
0
2

0

0

1
0
0

Hebephrenic forms
Katatofiic forms

Melancholia, (involutional)

Hysterical insanity

Total

8

Total

Died.

ro
_0>
C3

~3
|3
& S

J£
I
&

"oi
S

2
1
6
0
1

0
0
0
0

0
0
2
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
2
0
0

0
1
1
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

0

i
i

1

2
1
6
0
2

0
0

4
5
11
0
3

1
0
0
0

1

5
5
11
0
4

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2
0
0

3
0
0

0
0
7

0
0

0
0
8

0
0
2

0
0
0

0
0
2

0
0
14

0
0
5

0
0
19

1
0
23

g
0
6

3
0
29

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

1
3
2
4
0

0

1
4
3
4
0

0
2
3
2
0

1

1 0
2
6
5 19
4 42
0
0

0
6
8
20
0

0
12
27
62
0

1
11
24
48
0

1
7
11
22"
0

2
18
35
70
0

0
2
0
2
0

0
0
0
2
0

0
2
0
4
0

0
14
10
0

0
0
4
6

1 1

0
14
14
6
2

0
1
7
0
1

0
0
3
4
2

0
1
10
4
3

0
2
4
0
0

0
0
0
3
0

0
2
4
3
0

0
19
21
2
2

0
0
7
15
3

0
19
28
17
5

0
12
7
3
1
0

0
25
10
5
0
0

0
37
17
8
1
0

2
5
0
2
0
0

10

6
2
0
0

12
6
6
4
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
5

1
0
0
0
0
1

1
0
0
0
0
6

2
5
1
0
1
7

2
0
8 13
7
8
0
0
1 2
2
9

4
22
8
5
2
12

11
34
23
7
1
3

15
56
31
12
3
15

0
0
0
0
0
1

0
3
0
0
0
0

0
3
0
0
0
1

0
0
4
3
0
8

0
0
6
2
0
2

0
0
10
5
0
10

0
0
5
0
0
2

0
0
3
1
0
5

0
2
0
0
8 16
1 0
0
0
7 48

2
3
0
0
25 25
1 1
3
0
0
0
33 81 59

1
3
18
4
0
40

3
3
43
7
0
99

38

48

86

76

44 120

32

25

57 171 104 275 317 221

538

1
1
1
0
0

1

a 3
& 1

8
~3
&

s

3
£

"=3
S

Insanity due to infective and exhaustive in-

Unimproved.

Improved.

0
2
2
0

1
0
Q

S

1

78

STATE OF MICHIGAN.
TABLE XII.—Showing the duration of residence in months of all cases discharged.
For the biennial period ending June 30, 1910.

Six to nine months

One year to eighteen months

Overten years

Total

Died.

Total.

3 J
£ a

Females.

Females.

Females.

Unimproved.

Improved.

Females.

1

Females.

Recovered.

8

19

20

16

36

6

24

50

34

84

3

3

6

4

2

6

2

3

5

i
11

11

12

23

16

11

27

5

5

10

18

7

11

18

20

12

32

1

2

3

19

9

28

47

34

81

8

7

15

11

7

18

4

3

7

9

4

13

32

21

53

1

3

4

5

3

8

7

1

8

9

6

15

22

13

35

4

6

10

7

4

11

5

4

9

19

6

25

35

20

55

1

1

2

1

0

1

3

2

5

10

6

16

15

9

24

1

5

6

10

3

13

2

2

4

30

22

52

43

32

75

1

0

1

1

1

2

2

0

2

10

8

18

14

9

23

1

0

1

1

1

2

1

3

4

36

29

65

39

33

72

38

48

86

76

44 120

32

25

57 171 104 275 317 221

538

1

3
1

3
£

S
g

3
sS

"ES

3
H

TABLE XIII.—Showing the age of patients dischaiged recoveied.
Biennial period ending
June 30, 1910.
Males.
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From
From

10 to 14 years. .
15 to 19 years. .
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years. .
30 to 34 years
35 to 39 years
40 to 44 years
45 to 49 years. . .
50 to 54 years. .
55 to 59 years
60 to 64 years
65 to 69 years
70 to 74 years
75 and upwards

Total

Females.
0
0

0

1

9

Total.

4

7

0
3
]
10
8
]
15
11

7

6

]13

4

1

5

4

6

]10

3

3

5

8

7

2

2

6

1

1

1

7
2

o

o

0

0

38

48

0
0
£

NORTHERN MICHIGAN

ASYLUM.

79

TABLE XIV.—See Summary of Deaths, page 42.
TABLE XV.—Showing the age of patients who died.
Biennial period ending
June 30, 1910.
Females.

Males .
1
3

14

0
2
5
11

8

8

11

. 13
16
5
6

4
6
8

From 45 to 49 years

12

•

18
16

Total

1
4
4
8
13
25
16
24
28
23
22

27

13
9
15

33
32
42

171

104

275

20

From 70 to 74 years

0
1

Total.

23

ESTIMATES OF SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS.

The following are the estimates of special appropriations requested by
the Board of Trustees and submitted to the State Board of Corrections
and Charities for its approval:
To the State Board of Corrections and Charities:
Gentlemen: As required by section 2228, Compiled laws of 1897, I
submit below estimates of special-appropriations requested by the Board
of Trustees of the Northern Michigan Asylum for carpenter and paint
shop; for completion of heating and ventilating systems; for fencing;
for artesian well; for re-roofing cottages 28 and 32; extension to laundry
and additional laundry machinery; for repairs to roofs and gutters; for
central dining rooms for men and women; and for porch to cottage 32.

80

-STATE OF MICHIGAN.
I.

CARPENTER AND PAINT SHOP.

Excavation, 2,000 cubic yards, at 25 cents
Stone and concrete work
Gravel roof
Lumber
.,
Doors and windows, door jams, window jams, complete. . . .
Shafting and belting
Electric motor, 30 H. P
Sewer connection
Electric wiring and electric light
fixtures
Heating and plumbing
Carpenter work, labor, nails, hinges, sash and door locks..

$500 00
1,000 00
200 00
500 00
500 00
500 00
550 00
150 00
100 00
600 00
900 00
$5,550 00

II.

HEATING PLANT.

For vacuum system, automatic temperature regulation,
radiators, etc., for the completion and installing of heating system, complete
For the completion of ventilating system

$19,000 00
16,000 00
$35,000 00

III.

FENCING.

1320 feet iron fencing
500 rods fencing

$1,980 00
1,520 00
3,500 00
IV.

ARTESIAN WELLS.

2 wells, estimated cost of each $500.00, including pipe, driving shoe, cap, etc
, V.

$1,000 00

REPROOFING COTTAGES 28 AND 32.

200 squares No. 1 slate laid complete ..'
200 squares No. 1 slate laid complete

$2,000 00
2,000 00
$2,100 00

VI.

LAUNDRY EXTENSION AND LAUNDRY MACHINERY.

Concrete, brick and stone work; window frames, door
frames, doors, windows, sewers, electric lighting, plumbing, carpenter work and labor
Washing machine, largest size
>

$1,000 00
550 00
$1,550 00

VII.

REPAIRS TO ROOFS AND GUTTERS.

Material, labor, scaffolding, etc.,

$3,500 00

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.
VIH.

81

DINING ROOM FOR COTTAGES FOR MEN.

Excavation
:
Cement and concrete work
150,000 brick in wall at f 10.00 per M
Steel ceilings, 50 squares
40 squares gravel roofing
4000 feet tile
floor
Columns and steel beams
Plastering
Painting
Hardware and tin work
Heating and plumbing
Carpenter work and labor
14 windows, complete at $12.00 each
8 doors, complete, at $15.00 each
Lumber
Ranges, kitchen utensils, electric lighting sewer connections ,

$150 00
700 00
1,500 00
400 00
200 00
1,600 00
262 00
200 00
150 00
150 00
800 00
1,500 00
168 QO
120 00
400 00
700 00
|9,000 00

IX.

DINING

ROOM FOR COTTAGES FOR WOMEN.

Duplicate of the above
X.

$9,000 00
PORCH FOR COTTAGE 32.

Steel beams and columns
Cement and concrete work
Wire guards
Labor"

$200 00
200 00
100 00
100 00
$600 00
RECAPITULATION.

Carpenter and paint shop
Heating plant
Fencing
Artesian wells
Re-roofing of cottages 28 and 32
Laundry extension and laundry machinery
Repairs to roofs and gutters
Dining room for cottages for men
Dining room for cottages for women
Porch for cottage 32
Total
All of which is respectfully submitted.

$5,500 00
35,000 00
3,500 00
1,000 00
2,100 00
1,550 00
3,500 00
9,000 00
9,000 00
600 00
$70,750 00

J. B. MUNSON,
Medical Superintendent.
The following is the report of the State Board of Corrections and
charities on the above requests for appropriations:
11

82

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

BOARD OF CORRECTIONS AND CHARITIES,
LANSING, November 22, 1910.
Dr. James D. Munson, Medical Superintendent, Northern Michigan Asylum, Traverse City, Michigan.
Dear Sir—At a meeting of the State Board of Corrections and Charities held on the 10th. inst., the estimates of appropriation for your institution for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1912, and June 30, 1913,
were given final consideration.
During the rec-ent visit to your institution by representatives of this
Board, your needs were carefully noted, and we are of the opinion that
the special appropriations requested are all actually necessary, with the
exception of the one for fencing in the amount of f3,500.00, which seems
to us may be withheld at this time without serious inconvenience. The
other items have received the approval of the Board.
Very respectfully,
HENRY P. MOWRY,
Chairman.
BOARD OF CORRECTIONS AND CHARITIES,
LANSING, December 8, 1910.
Dr. James D. Munson, Medical Superintendent, Northern Michigan Asylum, Traverse City, Michigan.
Dear Sir—Your letter under date of November 28th, requesting an
additional appropriation of |5,000.00 to be used with the appropriation
already available for the construction of a Cold Storage Plant, was presented to the members of this Board at a meeting held here j-esterday,
and your request has been approved.
Very respectfully,
HENRY P. MOWRY,
Chairman.
CHAPEL SERVICES.

Religious services have been conducted by chaplain, Rev. D. Cochlin,
assisted by Revs. Mr. MacGregor, Mr. Atwell, Mr. Canby, Mr. Gay and
Mr. Allington, all of Traverse City.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

The institution is under renewed obligations and extends thanks to
the editors of -the following papers for donation of their journals for the
use of the patients:
Germania.
Big Rapids Herald.
Michigan State Democrat.
Grand Traverse Herald.
Deaf Mute Mirror.
Huron Tribune.
Native Copper Times.
Der Sonntagsbote, of Grand Rapids.
Alpena Argus.
Cheboygan Tribune.
Triumphs of Faith.

'>• r& ' . . - .

: "•' : ."': I' •

•HJ

GREENHOUSE.

FARM SCENES.

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

83

To all who have in any way contributed to the welfare and comfort
of patients our thanks are extended.
I am pleased to report that the relations of the institution to the
counties which it serves have been pleasant, and that there has been cooperation between all county officials and the asylum authorities in the
prompt and careful treatment of patients. All this is as it should be.
I would again express my thanks to the members of the staff and to
all employees of the institution for personal kindnesses. Everyone has
put forth his best effort to further the work of the hospital. The trustees
have been faithful in the performance of their duties, and have given
more than usual attention to the flnancial side of the institution, and have
taken a deep interest in every measure looking to improvement in the
care of patients, or to increase scientific interest in the institution.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
J. D. MTJNSON,
Medical Superintendent.
Northern Michigan Asylum Sept., 1910.

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

84

OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES
OF THE NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM, AND THE WAGES OR SALARIES
PAID EACH, JUNE 30, 1910, AS REQUIRED BY SECTION 2, ACT 206, LAWS 1881.

Service.

Name.

James D. Munson

Medical superintendent

W D Mueller '
R.E. Wells

Assistant physician

C L Whitney

. .

. .

.

.

....

T H A Tregea
C W Nesbitt
C M Prall

. .
.

.

S G Howard
B.P.Burns
Jennie Leece

A W Hamel

General supervisor
General supervisor

.

.

.

.
Clerk
Clerk

Floy Theobald
Nettie Blank
Albert Baughman

Telephone operator

Geo W Ashby
Cook
Effie L Bixby
Hugh C Boyle

Clara Billadeau
E. L. Butler

Marie Baxter
H. Bushell

George C Dell
Vern R Duell

..

Night nurse

Attendant

Period.

Rate.

....

$3,500
2,800
1,600
1,100
800

00
00
00
00
00

Per annum. Resident.

1,800
260
500
106
70

00
00
00
00
00

Per annum.
Per annum.
Per annum.
Per month.
Per month.

1,500
1,600
1,000
85
72

00
00
00
00
00

Per annum.
Per annum.
Per annum.
Per month.
Per month.

Non-resident.
Non-resident.
Non-resident.
Resident.
Resident.

60
55
50
45
35

00
00
00
00
00

Per month.
Per month.
Per month.
Per month.
Per month.

Resident.
Non-resident.
Non- resident.
Non-resident.
Non-resident.

70
" 70
33
35
25

00
00
00
00
00

Per
Per
Per
Per
Per

month.
month.
month.
month.
month.

Non-resident.
Cottage.
Resident.
Resident.
Resident.

30
31
17
18
28

00
00
00
00
00

Per month.
Per month.
Per month.
Per month.
Per month.

Non-resident.
Resident.
Resident.
Resident.
Resident.

30
47
33
28
38

00
00
00
00
00

Per month.
Per month .
Per month.
Per month.
Per month.

Resident.
Resident.
Non-resident.
Resident.
Resident.

26
18
46
31
28

00
00
00
00
00

Per month.
Per month.
Per month.
Per month.

Resident.
Resident.
Non-resident.
Resident.

14
18
14
17
24

00
00
00
00
00

Per month.
Per month.
Per month.
Per month.
Per month.

Resident.
Resident.
Resident.
Resident.
Resident.

25
24
17
18
28
18

00
00
00
00
00
00

Per month.
Per month.
Per month.
Per month.
Per month.
Per month.

Resident.
Resident.
Resident.
Resident.
Resident.
Resident.

24
24
24
42
26
30

00
00
00
00
00
00

Per month.
Per month.
Per month.
Per month.
Per month.
Per month.

Per annum. Non-resident.
Per annum. Resident.
Per annum. Resident.
Non-resident.
Non-resident.
Non-resident.
Non-resident.
Non-resident.

Resident.
Resident.
Resident.
Non-resident.
Resident.
Resident.

85

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.
OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES.—Continued.
Service.

Name.

Period.

Rate.

$26
32
18
38

00
00
00
00

29
24
60
20

00
00
00
00

24
17
17
26
45

00
00
00
00
00

37
30
24
29
34

00
00
00
00
00

28
44
23
28
40

00
00
00
00
00

28
17
38
37
24

00
00
00
00
00

38
27
30
26
38

00
00
00
00
00

Ada Hall
R C Hiiner

23
20
26
38
23

00
00
00
00
00

Hazel Knight

18
17
18
18
42

00
00
00
00
00

31
20
18
18
24

00
00
00
00
00

26
17
20
25
34

00
00
00
00
00

22
40
20
24
34
- 23

00
00
00
00
00
00

30
46
16
17
18
33

00
00
00
00
00
00

H W Dickinson

Win Glazier

.

. .

A H Fisher
.
Attendant
Bert Ghss

\lvin Gilbert
Eirl Griffiths
H M Hannaford
D. E. Hale
Laura Hannaford

Attendant
Attendant

Robt 0 Hodgman

Libbie Kelley

C H Leutholtz

Ghas W Long
Ella Miller
R. H. McKcnzie
Lucille Meister

Domestic

Mary McMahan

Attendant . .'

Per month.

Resident.

Per month.

Resident.

Per month.

Non-resident.

Per month. Resident.
Per month. Resident.

Per month. Resident.

Per month. Resident.
Per month. Resident.

STATE OF MICHIGAN.
OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES—Continued.
Name.

Service.

Cleo V Miller

Hate.

Period.

$29
29
20
17

00
00
00
00

18
28
21
23

00
00
00
00

38
24
18
17
18

00
00
00
00
00

18
40
26
42
23

00
00
00
00
00

20
20
16
18
31

00
00
00
00
00

42
28
18
24
18

00
00
00
00
00

Perry Tobey

20
28
17
24
30

00
00
00
00
00

Charles Zigler

Cook
Cook

28
28
14
34
37

00
00
00
00
00

Attendant

30
18
38
17
24

Hattie Walsh
Thos Whitfield
Helen J Whitfield
William J. Weiler

Attendant

Almon Young

Attendant

Clara MeGivern

Attendant

Grace Shearer

Laundress

Per month.

Resident.

Per month.

Non-resident.

00
00
00
00
00

Per month.

Resident.

31
31
44
39
40

00
00
00
00
00

Per month. Resident.

Baker
Assistant baker

24
30
60
70
45

00
00
00
00
00

Assistant cook

25
20
16
65
28

00
00
00
00
00

30
26
33
24
26

00
00
00
00
00

C R Olson

Bertha C Peterson
V A Patrick

.

F G Park

Matilda Send

. . .•

F G Sutherland
Walter Scott

V W Smith

Robert Tobey
L A Wright
GusZeigler

W Bellau
S.A.Conrad
Geo F Dell
Robt F Herkner
Earl Tuller

Ray Perkett
Waldo Culver

Per month.

Resident.

Per month.

Non-resident.

Per month. Resident.

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

87

OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES.—Continued.
Service.

Name.

Assistant cook

Tomy Thompson
Maude Fate

Assistant cook

D E Ward

Edna B Allen

Ethel White

. . .

Mabel Stilson

. -

Per
Per
Per
Per
Per

35
60
32
14
21

00
00
00
00
00

Per month. Resident.
Per month. Resident.
Per month. Resident.

19
14
21
21
24

00
00
00
00
00

26
22
22
22
23

00
00
00
00
00

13
17
13
23
21

00
00
00
00
00

60 00
60 00
1 75
1 50
50 00

- - .

W H Scott

1 75
1 50
1 75
1 75
33 00

Joe Brief
Wm Meteer
Wm D Fraser
Len M Miller
Ray L. Pennell
E. J. Hammond
Homer Hall
C J Garnett

00
00
00
00
00

month.
month.
month.
month.
month.

Resident.
Resident.
Resident.
Resident.
Resident.

Per month. Non-resident.
Per month.

Non-resident.

Per month. Non-resident.

Per month. Non-resident.

50 00
50 00
1 75
2 75
1 75

W Fraser

H Butrick

$24
24
35
24
28

50 00
1 75
40 "00
1 75
1 75

M Nolan
J 0 Edwards

Period.

Rate.

Carpenter
. .

S. H. McMichael
J. G. Loeding

Carpenter

J B King
A. H. Bennett

Painter
Painter

Charles Peterson
C. McNinch

Painter

John Trcmaine
Louis Strack
John Murphv
S. Etigerlev '
E F . Hopkins

Assistant gardener
Assistant gardener
Bnrnman
. . .

1
2
50
45
2

75
00
00
00
70

2
2
2
2
2

70
70
70
70
70

48
2
2
2
2

00
25
25
25
25

1 75
1 75
35 00
35 00
33 00

Perr nth

Non r 'i'l

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H '

N

Per d "'
P rl
Per m 'nth

Non re idp t
N
"H t"
N m re iHont

P

N n

H ''

Per day.
P

H '

P

j' • r

'ii

i

Non-resident.
TvT

'H

TJ

>J

t
,"

Per day.

Non-resident.

Pern nth
Per day.

Resident
Non-resident.

Per day.

Non-resident.

Per day.
Non-resident.
Per day.
Non-resident.
Per month. Non-resident.
Pfr month

Non resident

'H

APPENDIX

APPENDIX.
The asylums of Michigan are organized and governed under organic law.
an act known as Act 217, Laws of 1903. This act has for its
title "An Act to revise and consolidate the laws organizing
asylums for the insane and to regulate the care, management
and use thereof, and to provide for the apprehension of persons believed to be insane, and for their care and custody."
The above act was modified in no essential respect as regards commitment of patients by the Laws of 1907, but Section 72, Public Acts of 1907, contains very important provisions regarding the care of persons who are not legal residents of the State of Michigan. The act is too long to
justify its insertion, but all officers and persons interested
in the commitment of patients, whose residence is in doubt,
are requested to study the different sections of this act.
The government of asylums is vested in boards of trustees Government.
appointed by the Governor. (Section 3.)
The State is divided into districts by the Joint Board of Asylum
Trustees. (Section 8.) The counties comprising the district distncts'
of the Northern Michigan Asylum are:
Alpena
Leelanau
Antrim
Manistee
Arenac
Mason
Alcona
Mecosta
Benzie
Midland
Charlevoix
Missaukee
Clare
Montcalm
Crawford
Montmorency
Cheboygan
Muskegon
Emmet
Newaygo
Gladwin
Oceana
Grand Traverse
Ogemaw
Gratiot
Osceola
Isabella
Otsego
losco
Oscoda
Ionia
Presque Isle
Kalkaska
Eoscommon
Lake
Wexford
Provision is made by Section 7 for the transfer of patients Transfer from
from one
asvlum
to another when conditions make such trans- one
^strict to
.
-i
diioLner.
ter desirable.
A patient is not to be committed to an asylum of a dis- insane to be
trict other than that of which he is a resident unless the as^Snfof to
their district.

92

STATE OF MICHIGAN.

court adjudicates that there is no room in the latter, and that
there is in the former. (Section 8.)
Patients are divided into three classes: Public patients,
Classes of
patients.
private patients, and voluntary patients. (Section 13.)
Voluntary
Voluntary patients are patients who are not insane. They
patients.
are kept and maintained without expense to the State, but
cannot be received so long as there may be applications for
the admission of public or private patients not cared for because of lack of room. In other words, there must be room
for all others seeking admission before any voluntary patients
can be received.
Public and
Both public and private patients can be received only on
private
an order from a probate court declaring the patient insane
patients.
Order void
and stating the method of support,—whether public or priafter thirty
vate. Such an order is void unless patient is sent to the asydays.
lum within thirty days after it is issued. (Section 16.)
Bonds.
Besides the order of commitment from the court, there
must acccompany a private patient a bond guaranteeing the
payment of his bills. The law (Section 16) makes it incumbent upon the court to see that this bond is furnished.
Until this bond is furnished the patient is regarded as a
Advance
payment.
public charge. There is also required an advance payment
of fifty dollars. Future payments are made at the close of
each quarter.
New bonds may be called for at any time by the medical
New bonds.
superintendent, and the law requires the court to see that
such new bonds are provided. (Section 16.)
Temporary
Provision is made (Section 16) for the reception of both
orders.
public and private patients on temporary orders wherever
conditions demand immediate attention.
Transfer from
Section 21 provides for the transfer of a patient from priprivate to
vate expense to public expense where conditions warrant such
public.
a change.
Non-resident.
Section 30 provides for the temporary reception and care of
insane who are not residents of this State.
Section 32 provides for the return to the asylum without a
Provisional
discharge and
readmission of new order of patients who have been discharged on trial,
patients.
where the duration of the temporary absence does not exceed
six months.
The attention of county officers is particularly called to the
Insane women
to be accom- provisions of Section 40 regarding the state of bodily cleanlipanied by
female atness and the clothing of patients brought to the asylum, and
tendant.
more particularly to that clause of the section providing for
a female attendant for insane women.
In conveying a patient to the asylum do not deceive him.
Removal of
patients from Truth should not be compromised by professing a visit to the
home.
institution, and, on arrival, suggesting to the patient the idea
of staying, when his admission has already been decided upon;
nor should patients be induced to come and "stay a few days
to see how they like it," under the impression that they can
leave at pleasure. This course not only destroys confidence
in friends, but also in the officers of the asylum, by giving

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

patients an impression that they are parties to the deception.
Removal to the asylum should never be attempted when the
patient is much prostrated or laboring under severe bodily
illness, and care should be taken, that tlie excitement attend'
ing acute mental disease be not mistaken for physical
strength.
As friends of patients are often in doubt as to what articles clothing,
of clothing it is necessary to provide the following suggestions are made:
Male patients require 3 new shirts, 1 new and substantial
coat and vest, 2 pairs of pantaloons, 3 pairs socks, 2 pairs
drawers, 2 undershirts, 1 hat or cap, 1 cravat, 3 collars, 6
handkerchiefs, 1 pair of shoes or boots, 1 pair slippers, 1
overcoat.
Female patients should have 3 calico dresses, 3 enemies, 3
pairs drawers, 4 pairs hose, 3 night-dresses, 3 cotton-flannel
skirts, 6 handkerchiefs, 4 collars, 1 pair shoes, 1 pair slippers,
1 shawl or cloak, 1 hat, hood or nubia, 4 aprons.
The outfit should be liberal when circumstances permit. As
nearly all the patients go regularly into the open air each day,
it is desirable that they be furnished with clothing of a character to enable them to go comfortably in all weather, and
also to appear at little social gatherings. When desired, articles of clothing, etc., will be furnished at the institution.
Jewelry should not be brought with patients. If such articles
are left in their possession the asylum cannot lie responsible
for their safe keeping.
All letters concerning patients, from individuals having Correspondthe right to make inquiry, will be answered at once; and en
friends are promptly advised of any severe illness, accident,
or event of moment or interest. The postoffice and telegraphic addresses of one correspondent in each case are recorded, to whom such communications are sent. Letters are
frequently received to which replies cannot be mailed, for the
reason that the postoffice address is not clearly given. A little care on the part of friends will often save them disappointment and the asylum unmerited censure. Information
concerning inmates will not be given to casual visitors, except at the written request of friends.
Where relatives of patients desire friends who are not mem- visiting
bers of the family to visit patients, they should, in every in- patientsstance, furnish these friends with a letter of introduction,
authorizing the interview.
Application for admission should be made before the pa- Application
tient is brought to the asylum, A blank will be furnished the
friends which provides for a complete history of the patient's
trouble.
All correspondence in reference to patients should be addressed to Dr. James D. Munson, Northern Michigan Asylum,
Traverse City.

93

INDEX.
Accounts, abstract of
Accounts, current
Accounts, current, summary of
Acknowledgments
Admission of indigent and pauper patients
Admission of private patients
Admission of voluntary patients
Admissions and discharges. Table
Age of patients. Table
Age of patients discharged recovered. Table
Age of patients who died. Table
Alcoholic insanity
Appendix
Appointments, resignations, etc
Appropriations, report of
Artesian wells
Carpenter and paint shop
Chapel
Civil condition. Table
Classification of mental diseases, recommendation for
Clothing
Cold storage plant
Cost of maintenance
Daily average of patients
Deaths, causes of, etc
Death rate
'
Dementia praecox
Duration of residence of patients discharged. Table
Education. Table
Epilepsy
Estimates of special appropriations
Extension to laundry and additional laundry machinery
Extension to institution, cost of
Farm and garden
Farm and garden products
Fencing
Form of disease. Table
General dining rooms
Heating and ventilating systems
Heredity. Table
Holstein-Friesian herd
Hysterical insanity
Imbeciles and idiots
Improvements
Increase of patients
Infection and exhaustion psychoses
Insanity of patients discharged. Table
Inventory, summary of
Laboratory work
Lands by purchase
Manic depressive disease
Medical offices on wards
Melancholia

,

Page.
24
28-31
31
82
91-92
92
92
36
72
78
79
57
91
23
16-17-18
19
18
82
73
"
13
93
18-82
la
15
37
15
61
78
73
68
79
20
9
21
35
19
44
20
18
72
22
70
66
16
15
58
77
35
45
9
47
12
65

96

INDEX.

Morphinism
Movement of population. Table
Names of officers and employes. Table
Nativity of patients. Table
Nativity of parents. Table
Needs of asylum
Not insane
Occupation. Table
Officers, names of
Organic group
Paranoia and paranoid states
Patients treated in county houses, jails, etc
Patients, suicidal, homicidal, etc
Porch for cottage 32
Psychopathic
Recapitulation
Receipts and disbursements
Removal of patients to asylum
Repairs and painting of roofs and gutters
Report of medical superintendent
Report of State Board of Corrections and Charities
Report of trustees
Report of treasurer
Report of steward
Report of auditing committee
Residence of patients committed
Residence of patients. Table
Results of treatment of patients discharged. Table
Re-roofing of cottages 28 and 32
Roof for boiler room
Sewage disposal
Summary of causes of death. Table
Supplementary appropriation for cold storage plant
Surgical operations
Title and addresses
Training school for nurses

Page.
58
36
84-88
75
76
18
71
74
5-6
59
63
14
14
20
69
2181
23
92
20
36
82
7-23
24
32
31
14
76
77
19
17
20
42
82
46

'

•

11